4: Natural Topography of Pakistan

• What is the study of Earth and its features called?

  Topography
• What does topography represent?

  Natural and artificial features of land on a map
• What does topography study in relation to land?

  The changes that occur in the land
• What are the natural topographical features of Pakistan?

  1. Northern Mountains
  2. Western Mountains
  3. Balochistan Plateau
  4. Pothwar Plateau & Salt Range
  5. Indus Plain
  6. Desert Areas
• How many mountain ranges are mentioned in the study material?

  Three mountain ranges
• What is the name of the mountain range that covers 2500 km E-SW?

  Himalayas
• What is the height range of the Shivaliks?

  600-1200 m
• What are some tourist destinations mentioned in the Shivaliks?

  Murree and Galiyat
• What is the height of Nanga Parbat?

  9126 m
• Where is Nanga Parbat located?

  Below Pir Punjal in Kashmir
• What are some characteristics of the Greater Himalayas?

  Snowy mountains, glaciers, and natural vegetation
• What type of forests are found in the Greater Himalayas?

  Coniferous and deciduous forests
• What is the height of the Hindu Kush mountain range?

  5000 m
• Which regions does the Hindu Kush cover?

  Central and Southeast Afghanistan, Northwest Pakistan, and Southeast Tajikistan
• What is the height of Tirch Mir?

  7690 m
• What are the main features of the Great Himalayan Mountain System?

  • Snowy mountains
  • Glaciers
  • Natural vegetation
  • Coniferous forests
  • Deciduous forests
  • Alpine meadows
• What is the geographical significance of the Great Himalayan Mountain System?

  It includes some of the highest peaks in the world
• What is the altitude above which the snow line starts?

  4000 m
• Why do mountains remain covered with snow year-round at altitudes above 4000 m?

  Because temperatures are low enough to prevent melting
• Name two glaciers of the Hindu Kush.

  Batura and Chiantar
• What role do the glaciers of the Hindu Kush play in the region?

  They are a vital source of water and support economic activities
• What economic activities are supported by the glaciers in the Hindu Kush region?

  Agriculture and hydropower generation
• What are the names of three strategically important passes in the Hindu Kush Mountains?

  Shandur Pass, Shangla Pass, Lawarai Pass
• How do the passes in the Hindu Kush Mountains benefit the region?

  They connect important population centers and valleys
• Name four important population centers connected by the passes in the Hindu Kush.

  Gilgit, Chitral, Swat, Peshawar
• What is the average altitude of the Karakoram mountains?

  6000 m
• What geographical feature characterizes the Karakoram range?

  A long chain of generally snowcapped Rocky Mountains
• How long does the Karakoram range stretch?

  400 kilometers
• From where to where does the Karakoram range extend?

  From the Hunza Valley to the Shyok River
• What types of valleys are found in the Karakoram range?

  Narrow and deep valleys
• Name three valleys found in the Karakoram range.

  Hunza, Shyok, and Baltoro
• What are the names of two gorges in the Karakoram range?

  Nanga Parbat and Indus Gorges
• What are the names of three glaciers found in the Karakoram range?

  Baltoro, Siachen, and Biafo Glaciers
• Which mountain peak is located in the Karakoram range and is the second-highest in the world?

  K2
• What is the typical form of precipitation at lower elevations in the Karakoram range?

  Rain
• How does precipitation differ at higher elevations in the Karakoram range?

  It is typically in the form of snow
• What is the typical form of precipitation at higher elevations?

  Snow
• What type of natural vegetation is found at lower elevations?

  Dry and steppe-like vegetation with grasses, shrubs, and scattered trees
• Name three types of trees found at lower elevations.

  Poplar, Juniper, and Willow
• What type of vegetation is found at higher elevations?

  Alpine vegetation including meadows, mosses, and lichens