The role of the father

• What is the traditional view of the father's role in child development according to Bowlby?

  Fathers should provide economic rather than emotional support.
• How has the perception of the father's role in emotional development changed over time?

  There is increasing recognition that fathers play a greater role in emotional development than previously thought.
• What statistic did the Office for National Statistics report regarding mothers with dependent children in work from 1996 to 2017?

  The number increased from 3.7 million in 1996 to 4.9 million in 2017.
• What cultural change has contributed to fathers taking a more active role in child upbringing?

  Cultural expectations in many western cultures now expect fathers to be more involved.
• According to Paquette (2004), how do fathers differ from mothers in fostering behavior in children?

  Fathers are more likely to foster risk-taking behavior through physical play.
• In what emotional state do children prefer their fathers, according to Lamb (1997)?

  Children prefer their fathers when they are in a positive emotional state and want stimulation.
• What did Hrdy (1999) find regarding fathers' ability to detect infant distress?

  Fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress.
• What did Field (1978) find about primary caregiver fathers compared to secondary caregiver fathers?

  Primary caregiver fathers spent more time smiling, imitating, and holding infants than secondary caregiver fathers.
• What is suggested to be the key to the attachment relationship, according to the findings about fathers?

  The level of responsiveness is more important than the gender of the parent.
• What did Lamb (1997) conclude about the characteristics of individual fathers in relation to child development?

  The quality of the relationship is more important than the characteristics of individual fathers.
• What is a criticism of the research on the role of fathers in attachments?

  There are inconsistent findings regarding the role of the father in attachments.
• What did MacCallum and Golombok (2004) find regarding children in single or same-sex parent families?

  Children in these families do not develop any differently from those in two-parent heterosexual families.
• What are the implications of research showing differences between mothers and fathers?

  It can lead to negative implications for mothers, pushing them into specific lifestyle choices.
• What change in government policy occurred in 2015 regarding parental leave?

  Mothers and fathers can now share maternity leave.
• What are the stages of attachment development according to Schaffer (1964)?

  1. Pre-attachment stage (birth to 6 weeks)
  2. Indiscriminate attachment (6 weeks to 7 months)
  3. Discriminate attachment (7 to 9 months)
  4. Multiple attachments (from 9 months onwards)
• What percentage of infants develop multiple attachments within a month of forming specific attachments, according to Schaffer (1964)?

  29%
• By the age of one, what percentage of children have multiple attachments according to Schaffer (1964)?

  78%
• What did Bowlby propose about the importance of multiple attachments compared to primary attachments?

  Multiple attachments are not as important as the attachment with the primary caregiver.
• What is the disagreement regarding the timing of multiple attachments?

  Some psychologists believe multiple attachments can occur from the outset in some cultures, not just after 9 months.
• What did Rutter (1995) argue about the importance of attachments?

  All attachments are of equal importance and contribute to the child's internal working model.
• What did Sagi et al (1994) find regarding children raised in a Kibbutz?

  Attachment to the mother was strong, with 80% securely attached and no avoidant attachments.
• What are the economic implications of the findings regarding multiple attachments?

  Fathers and mothers can work without negative social or emotional impacts on their children.