APUSH Midterms Unit 1 - 5

• The Causes of the French and Indian War

  - Tension between Britain and France

  - Competition for Ohio River Valley between Britain and France

  - England profits from fur trade, France wanted power
• The significance of the Albany Congress: its goals and shortcomings.

  - Colonies wanted the support of the Iroquois

  - Colonies wanted to become more united

  - Legislature rejected the Albany plan
• The effects of the French & Indian War on colonists, Britain & Native Americans.

  - Led to major debt in Britain

  - Britain forced to tax colonists to become debt free; led to colonial discontent

  - Britain cut off supply for natives and forced them to obey the rules of the new country
• The relative importance of the 4 main causes for American independence.

  - Taxes

  - No representation

  - Intolerable Acts

  - War
• Define mercantilism and explain how it affected British policies toward the colonies.

  Mercantilism: During the American Revolution, the British pushed the colonies to only trade and buy goods from them.

  - Forced taxes on colonies
• Examples of colonial resistance to British policies, including actions taken and groups formed.

  -Boston Tea Party

  - Tarring & feathering tax collectors

  - Sons of Liberty
• Analyze the reasons given in the Declaration of Independence for the colonies rebelling.

  - Wanted representation

  - Wanted to have their natural rights

  - thought the Government became destructive
• Debates between Loyalists and Patriots

  - Loyalist: those who supported the King

  - Patriot: Those who supported the American Resolution

  - Sons of Liberty would subject Loyalists to public humiliation

  - Many Loyalists found their properties robbed and burned
• How the colonists won the American Revolution, including relative strengths and weaknesses of each side, specific battles and contributions of women.

  - Colonists had a motive

  - Colonists had better leadership

  - Colonists had better tactics and knew the area better

  - Colonists were outnumbers

  - Colonists had inexperienced militia

  - Colonists were low on supplies

  - Woman sometimes fought in the army

  - Woman tended to boycott goods and often made homespun cloth

  - Britain had a well trained army

  - Britain had more ammo and money

  - Britain was over confident

  - Britain was unmotivated
• The successes and shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation and why a Constitutional Convention was called.

  - Allowed the formation of states

  - Created a foundation for the Constitution

  - Only one vote per state

  - State gov > national gov

  - No national court system or executive branch

  - Every state had its own currency

  - Constitutional convention needed to be called because the Articles had too many flaws
• Enumerate the compromises reached in the Constitutional Convention.

  - 3/5th compromise: 3/5th slave population would be counted for taxation and representation

  - Great compromise: Created 2 legislative bodies in congress (House of rep & Senate)

  - Electoral College: Independent holders who would cast the actual ballots for the presidency
• The debates between Federalists & Anti-Federalists and how the Bill of Rights was key to ratification of the Constitution.

  - Federalists: Those who supported a strong central government

  - Anti-Federalists: Those who supported a strong state government

  - To ensure the ratification of the Constitution, the Bill of Rights had to be ratified. The Bill of Rights are a group of Amendments that needed to be signed in order to convince the Anti-Federalists to ratify the Constitution
• The government structure created under Washington, including Hamilton's financial system.

  - Three branches of government (executive, judicial and legislative)

  -Cabinet ( Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox and Edmund Randolf)

  - Hamilton's financial system: He wanted to retire the old depreciated obligations by borrowing new money at a lower interest rate
• Foreign and domestic challenges and successes during the Washington Administration.

  - Jay's Treaty: Treaty meant to stop Britain from seizing American ships

  - Whisky Tax: A tax that helped the country financially in the long run, but lead to the Whisky Rebellion

  - Proclamation of Neutrality: declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain
• Foreign and domestic challenges and successes during the Adams Administration.

  - XYZ Affair: Diplomatic conflict when US envoy was asked to pay a bribe in order to meet with French Foreign minister. Led to "Quasi War" with France and the Alien and Sedition Acts.

  - Sedition Act: Allowed for the deportation or imprisonment of anyone who spoke out against the government

  - Alien Act: Allowed for the deportation of "dangerous foreigners"
• What motivated exploration during the Columbian Exchange?

  God, gold, and glory
• What was a significant effect of the Columbian Exchange on native populations?

  Decimation by smallpox
• By what percentage did the native population reduce due to smallpox?

  Almost 90%
• How did the Columbian Exchange affect European life expectancy?

  Increased due to calorically dense food
• What significant change did horses bring to Native American life?

  Revolutionized hunting on the plains
• Who were the first to destroy and depopulate land in the New World?

  Christians
• What was the encomienda system established by the Spanish?

  Landowners received native labor rights
• What was the primary role of conquistadors in the New World?

  Subdued the Aztec, Maya, and Inca
• What was a common outcome of intermarriage between Spanish and Native Americans?

  Creation of Mestizos
• What was the primary activity of French settlers in North America?

  Fur trapping
• What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?

  Established a civil government authority
• When was the Virginia House of Burgesses established?

  1619
• What was the primary crop introduced by John Rolfe in Virginia?

  Tobacco
• What was the religious stance of Maryland's colony?

  Religious toleration for all Christians
• How did the Southern colonies differ from New England colonies?

  Southern colonies were plantation-based
• What was the trend regarding indentured servants and slaves before Bacon's Rebellion?

  Indentured servants were more numerous
• What was the Middle Passage?

  Route leading to the death of many slaves
• What was the outcome of the Stono Rebellion in 1739?

  Harsher slave codes implemented

  
• What did the Great Awakening challenge in colonial society?

  Tradition, hierarchy, and rationalism
• Who were the fiery ministers associated with the Great Awakening?

  Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield
• What was the economic theory of mercantilism?

  Favorable balance of trade generates wealth

  
• What was the impact of the Navigation Acts on colonial behavior?

  Failed to significantly change behavior
• What was the Dominion of New England's goal?

  To enforce strict trade regulations
• What event led to the colonists revolting against the Dominion of New England?

  The Glorious Revolution
• What motivated exploration during the Columbian Exchange?

  God, gold, and glory