Unit 2 - Population and Migration APHUG

• voluntary migration


  movement undertaken by choice
• aging population


  demographic trend that occurs as the average age of a population rises
• pronatalism

  programs designed to increase the fertility rate; policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries where population is declining
• Agricultural Density


  ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
• arithmetic density (crude density)


  total number of people divided by the total land area
• antinatalism

  policy to discourage people from having children and to reduce the fertility rate of a population
• Boserup Theory


  argues that population growth is independent of food supply and that population increase is a cause of changes in agriculture
• asylum seekers


  people who seek refugee status in another country
• transnational migration


  a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country
• chain migration


  migration in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community; when migrants move to communities where relatives or friends migrated previously
• physiological density


  calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land (land suitable for growing crops)
• carrying capacity


  largest population that an environment can support at any given time; the population a region can support without significant environmental deterioration
• push factors


  negative circumstances, events, or conditions that stimulate people to move
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR)/ Natality


  total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
• Crude Death Rate (CDR)/ Mortality


  total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
• internally displaced people


  a person who flees a situation due to danger that moves to another part of the same country
• step migration


  a process by which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves
• demographics


  statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it
• Ehrlich Theory


  theory that there will be a disaster for humanity due to over population
• pull factors


  people choose a destination based on its positive conditions and circumstances.
• demographic transition model (DTM)


  model of demographic change based on Europe's population in the eighteenth through twentieth centuries
• asylum


  an offer of protection from a government that protects migrants from danger in their home country
• epidemiological transition model (ETM)


  model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)


  total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society
• internal migration


  permanent movement within the same country
• forced migration


  human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate due to environmental, cultural, or political factors; a type of movement in which people do not choose to relocated, but do so under threat of violence
• transhumance


  The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer.
• INTERregional migration


  permanent movement from one region of a country to another region
• guest worker


  foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country; legal immigrant who has work visa, usually short term
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR)


  the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime
• migration


  permanent movement to a new location.
• Natural Increase Rate (NIR)


  the difference between number of births and deaths
• Malthusian Theory


  argues that starvation is the inevitable result of population growth because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically
• Doubling Time (rule of 70) equation


  the time required for a population to double in size
• Neo-Malthusians


  people who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources
• intervening obstacle


  an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.
• Intraregional Migration


  permanent movement within one region of a country
• intervening opportunity


  the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
• life expectancy


  figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
• Ravenstein's laws of migration


  list of 11 laws about why people migrate and the regularities observed