structure and bonding

• What type of bonding occurs between metal atoms?

  Metallic bonding
• How do metal atoms bond to each other?

  They form a lattice of ions with delocalised electrons
• Why are metals good conductors of electricity and heat?

  Electrons are free to move
• What type of atoms do metal atoms bond with in ionic bonding?

  Non-metals
• What happens to electrons during ionic bonding?

  Metal atoms donate electrons to non-metals
• What do Dot & Cross Diagrams represent?

  The electrons of the outer shells
• What is the electron configuration outcome for metals and non-metals in ionic bonding?

  Metals have an empty outer shell, non-metals have 8 electrons
• What is the formula representation for lithium chloride?

  [Li⊕→Cl⊖]
• How are ions arranged in ionic structures?

  In a lattice of repeating positive and negative ions
• What do ionic structures form?

  A crystal
• When can ionic compounds conduct electricity?

  When molten or in solution
• Why can ions conduct electricity in molten or solution states?

  The ions are free to move and carry charge
• What causes the high melting and boiling points of ionic compounds?

  Strong electrostatic and ionic bonds
• What are positive ions called?

  Cations
• What are negative ions called?

  Anions
• What are ionic compounds also known as?

  Salts
• What type of elements bond in covalent bonding?

  Non-metals bond to each other
• Why do atoms share electrons in covalent bonding?

  To gain full outer shells
• What does every covalent bond consist of?

  A pair of shared electrons
• How can you represent covalent bonds visually?

  Using a DOT & CROSS diagram or STRUCTURAL FORMULA
• What are the characteristics of simple covalent structures?

  • Low boiling points
  • Weak intermolecular forces
  • Require heating to overcome forces
• How does giant covalent bonding compare to ionic compounds?

  It has a lattice nature similar to ionic compounds
• What is an example of a giant covalent structure?

  Diamond
• How many bonds does each carbon atom form in diamond?

  Four carbon bonds
• What are the properties of alloys?

  • Mixtures of metals
  • Different size atoms disrupt lattice
  • Strong due to hard bonds
  • High melting points
• Why are alloys strong?

  Different size atoms disrupt the lattice
• How many bonds does each carbon atom form in graphite?

  Three carbon bonds
• What allows graphite to conduct electricity?

  Delocalised electrons can move and carry charge
• What are the characteristics of fullerene nanotubes?

  • Used for electronics
  • Used for composites
  • Used for medical purposes
• What is the structure of Buckminster fullerene?

  Spherical structure
• Why are fullerenes useful in applications?

  High surface to volume ratio
• How does doubling the diameter of a fullerene affect its surface to volume ratio?

  It halves the ratio
• What are the three states of matter?

  Solid, liquid, gas
• What is the process of melting?

  Transition from solid to liquid
• What is boiling?

  Transition from liquid to gas
• What is freezing?

  Transition from liquid to solid
• How are particles arranged in solids?

  In a regular arrangement (lattice)
• Can solids be compressed?

  No, they cannot be compressed
• How do particles behave in liquids?

  They move past each other
• Can liquids be compressed?

  No, they cannot be compressed