hydro carbons

• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  Remains of plankton and other living material
• Where is crude oil found today?

  In rocks underground
• What does it mean that crude oil is a finite resource?

  It will eventually run out
• What are hydrocarbons made from?

  Only carbon and hydrogen atoms
• What type of hydrocarbons are most abundant in crude oil?

  Alkanes
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C$n$H$2n+$$2$
• What is the formula for ethane?

  C$2$H$6$
• How are alkanes typically represented in diagrams?

  As a chain of carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms
• What are the first four alkanes called?

  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • Butane

  
• How are the carbon and hydrogen atoms in alkanes connected?

  By single covalent bonds
• What is crude oil classified as?

  A mixture of hydrocarbons
• What can be done with the mixture of hydrocarbons in crude oil?

  It can be separated to form useful products
• What are the groups of hydrocarbons in crude oil called?

  Fractions
• What do hydrocarbons in a fraction have in common?

  They all have a similar number of carbon atoms
• What process is used to separate crude oil fractions?

  Fractional distillation
• What happens to crude oil during the first step of fractional distillation?

  It is evaporated by heating
• What occurs to most hydrocarbons during fractional distillation?

  They evaporate and rise up the column
• How does the temperature vary in the fractional distillation column?

  It is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
• Why do short hydrocarbons condense near the top of the column?

  They have lower boiling points
• Where do long hydrocarbons condense in the fractional distillation column?

  Near the bottom of the column
• What are some uses of crude oil fractions produced from fractional distillation?

  • Fuels (petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gas)
  • Chemical products (solvents, lubricants, detergents, polymers)

  
• What are examples of fuels derived from crude oil fractions?

  Petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gas
• What are some chemical products made from crude oil fractions?

  Solvents, lubricants, detergents, and polymers
• Hydrocarbons


  Molecules composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
• Fractional Distillation


  A process used to separate crude oil into different fractions.
• Petrol (Gasoline)


  • A type of fuel produced from crude oil
• Fuel Types from Crude Oil

  • Petrol (Gasoline)
  • Diesel Oil
  • Kerosene
  • Heavy Fuel Oil
  • Liquefied Petroleum Gases
• Boiling Point of Hydrocarbons


  Increases with increasing molecular size.
• Viscosity of Hydrocarbons


  Increases with increasing molecular size.
• Flammability of Hydrocarbons


  Typically decreases with increasing molecular size.
• Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels


  The carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidized, producing carbon dioxide and water.
• Oxidation


  The process of combining a substance with oxygen.
• Catalytic Cracking


  A process that uses a catalyst to break down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones.
• Steam Cracking


  A process that uses high-temperature steam to break down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones.
• Conditions for Catalytic Cracking


  High temperatures (around 500-900°C), high pressures (around 10-100 atm), and a catalyst.
• Conditions for Steam Cracking


  Very high temperatures (around 800-900°C), high pressures (around 10-100 atm), and high-temperature steam.
• Products of Cracking


  Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) and alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons).
• Test for Alkenes


  Reaction with bromine water, which reacts with alkenes to form a conjugated diene.
• alkenes are unsaturated
• alkanes are saturated