Paper 1 - Bonding, structure and the Properties of Matter

• What are the three states of matter?

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• What is the structure of gas?


  • It is extremely hard to compress, because particles in a solid are packed together in a regular pattern with almost no space in between.
  • Have a fixed shape and cannot flow from place to place, this is because in a solid the particles can vibrate but they cannot move from place to place.
• What is the structure of Liquid?


  • Extremely hard to compress, because particles are so close together with not many spaces between them
  • Unlike solids, liquids take the shape of their container and they can flow from place to place.
• What is the structure of Gas?


  • Extremely easy to compress, because particles in gases are widely spaced.
  • Gases spread out and fill the space of their container, because the particles in a gas move quickly and randomly.
• How do you change the state of a substance?

  By putting in or taking out energy.
• What is the process to turn a Solid into a Liquid?

  Melting
• How does melting work?


  Particles in a liquid move around, meaning they have more kinetic energy than particles in a solid. This means we have to put energy in.
• Why is energy needed in order to turn a Solid into a Liquid? (Melting)


  Energy is needed to break the forces of attraction between the particles in a solid. Once those forces have been broken, particles can then move on their own.
• The stronger the forces of attraction between the particles...

  • The more energy we have to put into breaking those forces.
  • The higher the melting point.
• What process do we use to turn a Liquid into a Solid?


  Freezing.
• What happens when a substance freezes?


  The forces of attraction between the particles reform.
• Freezing takes place when.. 


  When we cool a liquid back down to its melting point.
• Whats the process of heating a Liquid to turn into a Gas?

  Boiling.
• Where does boiling take place?

  At the boiling point.
• Why will the boiling point be high if there are strong forces between the particles?


  Because it takes a lot of energy to break those strong forces of attraction and boil the liquid.
• If we take a Gas and cool it down it converts down to a Liquid. What process is this called?

  Condensing.
• What happens during condensing?


  • Condensing takes place at the same temperature as the boiling point.
  • When a substance condenses the force of attraction between the particles reform.
• What are the limitations of the Simple Particle Model of Solid, Liquid and Gas?


  • The simple particle model assumes that all particles are solid spheres. THIS IS NOT THE CASE! Particles have lots of different shapes and they are not solid.
  • In the simple particle model it is assumed that there are no forces between the particles. NOT CORRECT! In fact, the law of attraction between the particles have a major impact on the melting and boiling points of a substance.