Transport in Animals

Cards (59)

  • What is the primary function of the circulatory system in animals?
    Transportation of oxygen, CO2, water, and nutrients
  • Why is diffusion insufficient for substance transport in multicellular animals?
    Because animals are multicellular, making diffusion slow and inefficient
  • What are the three main components of the transport system in animals?
    • Heart (pump)
    • Blood vessels
    • Blood
  • How many components does blood have?
    Four components
  • What are the four components of blood?
    Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets
  • What pigment is found in red blood cells that gives them their color?
    Haemoglobin
  • What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?
    1. 4 months (90-120 days)
  • Where are red blood cells made?
    In the bone marrow
  • What is the shape of a red blood cell?
    Bi-concave shape
  • What is the primary function of red blood cells?
    To transport oxygen around the body
  • What is the role of white blood cells?
    To fight off disease-causing organisms (pathogens)
  • What are the two main types of white blood cells?
    Phagocytes and lymphocytes
  • What do phagocytes do?
    Engulf pathogens
  • Where are phagocytes made?
    In the bone marrow
  • What is the function of lymphocytes?
    To produce antibodies
  • Where are lymphocytes made?
    In the lymphatic system or spleen
  • What is the function of platelets?
    To clot blood
  • What are platelets made from?
    Fragments of cells made in bone marrow
  • What is the composition of plasma?
    90% water and 10% dissolved substances
  • What are some substances transported by plasma?
    Water, minerals, amino acids, fatty proteins, CO<sub>2</sub>, vitamins, hormones
  • What is the average heart rate in beats per minute?
    70 BPM
  • What controls the heart rate?
    A pacemaker
  • What causes the first sound of the heart?
    Blood hitting the closed tricuspid and bicuspid valves
  • What occurs during ventricular diastole?
    Blood impacts the closed semilunar valves
  • What happens during the diastole phase?
    Blood flows into the empty chambers
  • What are the two types of immunity?
    • Natural immunity (lymphocytes, phagocytes)
    • Artificial immunity (vaccines)
  • What is double circulation?
    Blood flows through the heart twice during one complete circulation of the body
  • What are the two circulations in the double circulatory system?
    • Pulmonary circulation: deoxygenated blood to lungs, oxygenated blood back to heart
    • Systemic circulation: oxygenated blood to body, deoxygenated blood back to heart
  • What is the role of arteries?
    To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
  • What is the role of veins?
    To return deoxygenated blood to the heart
  • What is the structure of arteries?
    Thick elastic and muscular walls
  • What is the structure of veins?
    Thin walls and a large diameter
  • What is the structure of capillaries?
    Walls are thin to allow diffusion
  • What is the relationship between the structure and function of blood vessels?
    • Arteries: Thick walls withstand high pressure
    • Veins: Thin walls with valves prevent backflow
    • Capillaries: Thin walls allow diffusion of gases and nutrients
  • What is the average volume of blood in an adult human?
    About 4.5 to 5 litres
  • What is the main function of plasma?
    To transport dissolved substances around the body
  • What are antigens?
    Substances that cause an immune response
  • What is the primary response in immunity?
    The initial immune response to a pathogen
  • What is the secondary response in immunity?
    A rapid destruction of the antigen upon re-exposure
  • What is the role of lymphocytes in the immune response?
    To produce antibodies in response to antigens