AP Euro history unit 2

• What significant event occurred in 1054 in the Christian church?

  The first major split of the Christian church occurred.
• What two churches emerged from the split in 1054?

  The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
• How did the Roman Catholic Church dominate Western Europe after the split?

  It was the only option for Christians in Western Europe.
• What was one of the major issues with the Catholic Church by the 1500s?

  It became entangled in politics and accumulated significant wealth.
• What is simony?

  It is the buying and selling of church offices.
• What does nepotism refer to in the context of the Catholic Church?

  It refers to appointing family and friends to church offices.
• What were indulgences in the Catholic Church?

  They were sold as a way for people to buy their salvation or release loved ones from purgatory.
• Who was Martin Luther?

  An Augustinian monk and Christian humanist who criticized the Catholic Church.
• What did Martin Luther believe about salvation?

  He believed it was by grace alone through faith, not earned by good works or indulgences.
• What was Luther's view on the authority of scriptures?

  He believed that scriptures alone should be the sole authority for Christians.
• What did Luther mean by the "priesthood of all believers"?

  He believed that all believers had direct access to God without a hierarchical structure.
• What significant action did Luther take on October 31, 1517?

  He nailed his 95 theses to the Wittenberg church door.
• What was the purpose of Luther's 95 theses?

  To criticize the corruption of the church and call for reform.
• How did the printing press impact Luther's ideas?

  It allowed his 95 theses to spread rapidly throughout Europe.
• What was the Diet of Worms?

  A trial where Luther was demanded to recant his statements.
• What was the outcome of Luther's trial at the Diet of Worms?

  He refused to recant and was excommunicated.
• Who protected Luther after his excommunication?

  His prince, Frederick III.
• Why did German princes support Luther?

  They saw it as a way to weaken the Pope's power and increase their own.
• Who were earlier reformers before Luther?

  Christian humanists like John Wycliffe and Jan Huss.
• What role did the printing press play in the Protestant Reformation?

  It facilitated the rapid spread of reformers' ideas and literature.
• What were the two major theological developments introduced by John Calvin?

  The doctrines of predestination and the elect.
• What is the doctrine of predestination?

  It states that God has already decided who will be saved and who will not.
• How did Calvin's view of salvation differ from the Catholic Church's view?

  Calvin believed salvation was by faith alone, while Catholics taught faith and good works were necessary.
• What was the relationship between church and state in Calvin's Geneva?

  The church and state were tightly intertwined, creating a theocracy.
• What was the purpose of Calvin's "Institutes of the Christian Religion"?

  It was the first complete treatment of Reformation doctrines.
• What were the Anabaptists' beliefs regarding baptism?

  They believed baptism should only be performed on adults who could affirm their faith.
• What was the Anabaptists' stance on military service?

  They believed in absolute separation between church and state and were pacifists.
• What were the French Protestants known as?

  Huguenots.
• What event marked the beginning of the French Wars of Religion?

  The massacre of Huguenots led by the Bourbon family in 1562.
• What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

  A massacre of Huguenots organized by Catherine de Medici in 1572.
• Who were the three Henrys involved in the War of the Three Henrys?

  Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry of Guise.
• What was the Edict of Nantes?

  It established France as Catholic while granting Huguenots the freedom to worship.
• What was the Peace of Augsburg?

  It allowed individual rulers in the Holy Roman Empire to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.
• What sparked the Thirty Years' War?

  The challenge to Catholic absolutism by a Calvinist leader and the shutting down of Lutheran churches.
• What was the Defenestration of Prague?

  It was the act of throwing Ferdinand's officials out of a window, sparking the Thirty Years' War.
• What were the four phases of the Thirty Years' War?

  The Bohemian phase, Danish phase, Swedish phase, and French phase.
• What was the outcome of the Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years' War?

  Ferdinand II defeated Protestant Frederick I and re-established Catholicism in many German states.
• What characterized the Danish phase of the Thirty Years' War?

  The involvement of the Protestant King of Denmark leading attacks against Catholics.
• What was the significance of the Swedish phase of the Thirty Years' War?

  It marked the war's extension beyond the Holy Roman Empire into a European conflict.
• What was the significance of the Protestant Reformation in European history?

  It led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations and significant religious conflicts.