Reproduction

• How many pairs of chromosomes do human cells contain?

  23 pairs of chromosomes
• What process do cells undergo to divide into two identical cells?

  Mitosis
• What are gametes and how do they differ from other cells?

  Gametes are cells with unpaired chromosomes, specifically sperm and egg cells in humans
• How many chromosomes do human sperm and egg cells contain?

  23 single chromosomes
• What type of cell division produces gametes?

  Meiosis
• How does meiosis differ from mitosis?

  Meiosis produces non-identical cells, while mitosis produces identical cells
• What are the gametes in flowering plants?

  Pollen and egg cells
• What is the key feature of sexual reproduction?

  It involves the fusion of male and female gametes
• What is the term used for the joining of male and female gametes?

  Fertilization
• What is the result of the fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction?

  Mixing of genetic information
• How does sexual reproduction lead to variation in offspring?

  Because every gamete is different, leading to genetic diversity
• What is a key characteristic of asexual reproduction?

  It involves only one parent
• Why does asexual reproduction not involve gametes?

  Because there is only one parent
• What do scientists call offspring produced by asexual reproduction?

  Clones
• What type of cell division is involved in asexual reproduction?

  Mitosis
• How does the plant reproduce in the example given in the video?

  By forming tiny buds that grow into new plants
• What is the genetic relationship between the offspring plants and the parent plant in asexual reproduction?

  The offspring plants are genetically identical to the parent
• What are the main differences between sexual and asexual reproduction?

  • Sexual reproduction involves two parents and gametes, leading to genetic variation.
  • Asexual reproduction involves one parent, does not use gametes, and produces clones.
• What are the key terms associated with sexual reproduction?

  • Gametes
  • Fertilization
  • Genetic variation
• What are the key terms associated with asexual reproduction?

  • Clones
  • Mitosis
  • Single parent
• What process allows for the production of gametes in humans?

  Meiosis
• How many chromosomes are present in a normal human cell?

  46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
• How many single chromosomes are found in a human gamete?

  23 single chromosomes
• What is the main difference between chromosomes in gametes and those in normal human cells?

  Gametes contain single chromosomes, while normal cells contain paired chromosomes
• What are the stages of meiosis that students need to know for the AQ8 specification?

  • Meiosis occurs in reproductive organs (testes and ovaries)
  • Chromosomes are copied
  • The cell divides into two
  • Each of these cells divides again to form gametes
• Where does meiosis take place in humans?

  In the testes of males and the ovaries of females
• What is the result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

  Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes
• How many gametes are produced from one original cell during meiosis?

  Four gametes
• What is the genetic relationship between the gametes produced by meiosis?

  Each gamete is genetically different from each other
• What is the term used for the joining of male and female gametes?

  Fertilization
• What happens to the number of chromosomes after fertilization?

  The full number of chromosomes is restored
• How many chromosome pairs are present in a fertilized egg?

  23 chromosome pairs
• What occurs after fertilization in terms of cell division?

  • The fertilized egg divides by mitosis
  • Produces a clump of identical cells
  • This clump is called an embryo
• What happens to the cells as the embryo develops?

  • Cells differentiate
  • Form different cell types
  • Examples include nerve cells and muscle cells
• Where can students find questions on meiosis and fertilization?

  In the revision workbook
• What should you be able to describe at the end of the video on sexual and asexual reproduction?

  The advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction
• Which students is this video intended for?

  Triple biology students
• Which organisms reproduce by sexual reproduction?

  Mammals and flowering plants
• Which organisms can reproduce by asexual reproduction?

  Aphids and certain plants
• What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

  • Produces variation in offspring
  • Increases survival advantage through natural selection
  • Greater chance of survival in challenging conditions