History and Relevant Laws of Criminal Investigation

• What civilization developed formal laws in 2100 B.C.?

  Babylon
• What was the purpose of the Code of Hammurabi?

  To detect those who refused to obey the law
• How many laws are included in the Code of Hammurabi?

  282 laws
• What does Lex Talionis mean?

  "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth"
• What was the punishment for robbery according to Law #22 of the Code of Hammurabi?

  Death
• What was the consequence for a wife caught lying with another man according to Law #129?

  Both would be thrown into the waters
• What does Law #196 state about harming another person?

  If a man destroys another's eye, his eye shall be destroyed
• What was the first specialized investigative unit in Rome called?

  Questors/Trackers/Murderers
• What was the role of unpaid magistrates in 6th century B.C. Athens?

  To make decisions for cases presented to them
• What was the mutual pledge system established by King Alfred the Great in 9th century England?

  • Organized security for the country
  • Grouped individuals into Tithings and Ten Tithings
  • Each group was responsible for the acts of its members
• What were the divisions of a specific geographic area in King Alfred's system called?

  Shires
• What was the role of the Shire-reeve in medieval England?

  To govern the shires on behalf of the king
• Who formed the Praetorian Guard during the time of Christ in Rome?

  The Roman Emperor Augustus
• What was the primary function of the Praetorian Guard?

  To protect the palace
• What powers did the Praefectus Urbi hold?

  Both executive and judicial power
• What were the Vigiles of Rome originally established as?

  Firefighters
• What was the significance of the Statute of Winchester enacted in 1285 A.D. in England?

  It established a rudimentary criminal justice system
• Who was Jonathan Wild in the 1720s England?

  A master criminal and thief-catcher
• What innovative idea did Jonathan Wild introduce?

  Charging a fee for locating stolen property
• Who was Henry Fielding and what did he create?

  An English magistrate who created the Bow Street Runners
• What were the Bow Street Runners known for?

  Being London's first professional police force
• Who took over the Bow Street Court in 1753?

  John Fielding
• What was Patrick Colquhoun's proposal in early 1800s London?

  To create a sizeable uniformed police force
• What was the first body of public-order officers named police in England?

  The Marine Police
• Who established a squad of ex-convicts to aid the Paris Police in 1811?

  Eugene "Francois" Vidocq
• What concept did Eugene Vidocq introduce that is related to modern credit systems?

  The Trade Protection Society
• Who founded the London Metropolitan Police in 1829?

  Robert Peel
• What techniques did Robert Peel introduce for detecting crimes?

  Detectives concealing themselves and recording conversations
• When was the first undercover officer employed by the London Metropolitan Police?

  1833
• What was the significance of the Texas Rangers established in 1835?

  They were the first law enforcement agency with statewide investigative authority
• Who explained a photographic process to the Royal Society of London in 1839?

  William Henry Fox Talbot
• Who is known as the earliest advocate of criminal investigation as a science?

  Dr. Hans Gross
• What term did Charles Dickens introduce to the English language in 1852?

  Detective
• Who was Allan Pinkerton and what was his contribution?

  America's foremost private detective and founder of criminal investigation methods
• Who was the first woman detective in the history of criminal investigation?

  Kate Wayne
• What did Thomas Byrnes contribute to criminal investigation in 1866?

  He founded the criminal "modus operandi" concept
• What event marked the beginning of the Jessie James Gang's robbery spree in 1866?

  The first hold-up of the Clay County Savings Association
• Who headed the Criminal Investigation Department in Scotland Yard in 1877?

  Howard Vincent
• Who established the first systematic identification system in 1882?

  Alphonse Bertillon
• What did Dr. Arthur Conan Doyle popularize in 1887?

  The scientific Criminal Investigation through Sherlock Holmes