Biology p1

• What are the main components of a basic animal cell?

  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
• What is the function of the cell membrane in an animal cell?

  To control the entry and exit of substances
• What happens in the cytoplasm of an animal cell?

  Chemical reactions occur
• What is the primary function of ribosomes in an animal cell?

  Protein synthesis
• What role does the nucleus play in an animal cell?

  It controls cell activities
• What is the function of mitochondria in an animal cell?

  Aerobic respiration occurs, providing energy
• What additional structures do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  • Chloroplasts
  • Vacuole
  • Cell wall
• What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  To absorb light energy for photosynthesis
• What does the permanent vacuole do in plant cells?

  It contains cell sap and supports cell structure
• What is the composition of the cell wall in plant cells?

  It is made of cellulose
• What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts
• What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

  Bacterial cell
• Where is the DNA located in prokaryotic cells?

  In the cytoplasm, floating around
• What is the function of the flagellum in some bacterial cells?

  It is used for movement
• What are plasmids in bacterial cells?

  Small extra loops of DNA that often contain useful genes
• What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?

  For structure and protection
• What are specialized cells?

  • Cells that change size, shape, and internal structures
  • Adapted to carry out specific functions
• What is an example of a specialized plant cell?

  Root hair cell
• What is the function of root hair cells?

  To absorb water and mineral ions from the soil
• What are the two types of specialized cells in plants that transport substances?

  Xylem and phloem
• What is the function of xylem cells?

  To transport water
• What is the function of phloem cells?

  To transport sugars and amino acids
• What is a key feature of sperm cells?

  They have a tail (flagellum) to help them swim
• What is the role of the axon in nerve cells?

  To transmit electrical impulses across long distances
• Why do muscle cells contain many mitochondria?

  To provide energy for contraction
• What is cell differentiation?

  • The process where cells become specialized
  • Different genes are turned on or off
• What are undifferentiated cells called?

  Stem cells
• What is the difference in differentiation between plant and animal cells?

  Plant cells can differentiate throughout their life, while animal cells cannot
• What is the role of stem cells in embryonic development?

  They differentiate into various cell types needed for the organism
• What is therapeutic cloning used for?

  To produce stem cells genetically identical to the patient
• What are some ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cell use?

  Concerns about consent and potential life of the embryo
• What is diffusion?

  The net movement of particles from high to low concentration
• What does the term "net" mean in the context of diffusion?

  It refers to the overall movement of particles
• What type of cells can be grown to treat paralysis after cancer treatment?

  Nerve cells or nerve tissue
• Why are there ethical issues surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells?

  Because the embryo cannot consent to be used
• What is a concern regarding the destruction of unused embryos in stem cell research?

  Some people believe it is not acceptable as it involves potential life
• What is a risk associated with using stem cells from another person?

  There is a risk of viral infection transfer
• Why can stem cells potentially lead to tumors?

  Because stem cells can divide rapidly
• What is diffusion?

  The net movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration
• What types of substances primarily diffuse into cells?

  Oxygen and glucose