pyschology research methods

• non directinal hypothesis~states there is a diffrence in the measurment of dv as a result manipulation of iv but not direction it will go on.

  ~2 tailed test~

  diffrent , affect , effect,change
• directional hypothesis~ states that there is a difference in the measurement of DV as a result of manipulation of IV and predicts which way the relationship between them will be.

  ~one tailed~

  increase, higher, faster,slower,decrease,increase
• null hypothesis :hypothesis that there is no diffrence
• independent variable~the thing you control and can be manipulated by researcher.
• depndent variable~ the thing in the experimnet that is measured
• random sampling ~each memeber of the target population has an equal chance of being in the experiment

  s-avoids researcher bias

  w-unintentionally may not be respresentative
• opputnities sample~ the researcher directly ask available members of the target population eg on a high street. Usually, due to accessibility

  s-quickest way to get sample

  w-researcher bias ,unlikley to be unrepresentative,excludes extranous factors
• volunteer sample pts offer to take part in the experiment eg..through advertisement

  s-practical easy sample easy advertisement

  w-volunter bias, targetting only one certian target population eg eg..extroverts
• strafied sample~ characteristics of pts within the sample are in the same porportion found in target population

  s-sample is represanttive of larger target pop results are generalisable

  w-time consuming, bias
• mundane realism~ focuses on the real life and canbe cpmpared to real life
• extranous variables~ factors that your not investigation howver can potentially affect your out comes
• confounding variables~influence that interfere with and accurate measuremnet btween iv an dv

  !confuses results !
• operationalise ~ making the iv dv measurable

  super specfic

  s-makes replicable and reliable if its standarisded applicable
• ecological validity~ if it reflects real life
• demand charactertics~ pts may act a ceratin way if they know the true reasons for experiment and also may behave certain way messing the results up
• Field Experiment


  A research method where the researcher manipulates and measures variables in a natural setting, allowing for observation of behavior in a real-world context.
• :)field exp

  Increased Ecological Validity

  Observes behavior in a natural setting, making it more representative of real-life situations.
• :)field exp

  More Generalizable Results

  Findings can be applied to a broader population, as the setting is more representative of everyday life.
• :)field exp

  More Natural Behavior

  Participants are more likely to behave naturally, as they are not in a controlled laboratory setting.
• :)field exp

  Lower Demand Characteristics

  Participants are less likely to respond based on expectations or demands of the researcher, as they are in a natural setting.
• :) field experiment

  More Opportunities for Data Collection

  Allows for collection of data from multiple sources, such as observational data, self-report measures, and physiological measures.
• :(field experiment

  Difficulty in Controlling Variables

  Many variables cannot be controlled in a natural setting, which can affect the outcome of the experiment.
• :(field experiment

  Ethical Considerations

  Participants may be exposed to unintended risks or harm, and obtaining informed consent can be challenging.
• :(field experiment

  External Invalidity

  The results may be influenced by external factors unrelated to the independent variable, such as confounding variables.
• :(field experiment

  Low Internal Validity

  The results may not be due to the independent variable, but to other unknown factors.
• :(field experiment

  Limited Generalizability

  The results may only be applicable to a specific population or culture.