Unstructured Participant

• What are the two types of observation in sociology?

  Covert and overt
• What is the difference between covert and overt observation?

  Covert observation is secret, while overt observation is open.
• What is participant observation?

  It involves the researcher observing and joining in the activities of the group.
• Why do interpretivists prefer unstructured participant observation?

  Because it provides highly valid data from natural environments.
• What are the general advantages of unstructured participant observation?

  • High validity due to natural settings
  • In-depth qualitative data
  • Flexibility in research approach
  • Builds rapport and trust with subjects
• What are the general disadvantages of unstructured participant observation?

  • Low reliability due to unsystematic methods
  • Lack of objectivity and potential bias
  • Small sample sizes reduce representativeness
  • Time-consuming and expensive
• What does 'verstehen' mean in the context of sociology?

  It refers to empathy and understanding the perspectives of those being studied.
• How did Patrick gain insight into gang life in Glasgow?


  By adopting the perspective of a gang member.
• What is a potential problem with 'going native' in participant observation?


  It can compromise the objectivity of the researcher.
• How does flexibility in participant observation benefit research?

  It allows researchers to adapt to new situations and follow emerging themes.
• What is a disadvantage of the flexibility in participant observation?

  It lowers reliability as each observation is unique.
• Why is rapport important in participant observation?

  It increases validity by building trust with participants.
• What is a practical advantage of participant observation?

  It is the only way to study certain deviant groups.
• What is a theoretical disadvantage of participant observation according to positivists?


  It lacks reliability due to its unsystematic nature.
• How does participant observation affect objectivity?

  It can lead to bias if the researcher becomes too involved.
• What is a common issue with the sample size in participant observation?

  It often has a small sample size.
• Why can participant observation be expensive and time-consuming?

  It requires time to build rapport and analyze data.
• What access issues might researchers face in participant observation?

  Difficulty gaining entry to groups and building trust.
• What ethical considerations must researchers keep in mind during participant observation?

  They must protect the anonymity of participants and handle 'guilty knowledge' carefully.
• How did Venkatesh handle the knowledge of gang members' law-breaking activities?

  He chose not to inform on them.
• What is a key challenge when leaving a group after participant observation?

  It can be difficult due to the relationships built.
• What does the term 'guilty knowledge' refer to in participant observation?

  Knowledge of illegal activities that could implicate participants.
• Why is anonymity important in participant observation research?

  To protect the identities of vulnerable participants.