Week 10 - CVR Radiology

• What are the modalities used in Chest imaging?

  • Chest Radiograph (CXR)
  • Computed Tomography (CT)
  • CT Pulmonary Angiogram (CTPA)
  • Ventilation/Perfusion (VQ)
  • PET/CT
  • Echocardiogram
  • Coronary angiogram
• What does PA stand for in the context of X-ray imaging?

  Posteroanterior
• What does AP stand for in the context of X-ray imaging?

  Anteroposterior
• What is the correct way to take a chest X-ray?

  PA (Posteroanterior)
• What is the importance of understanding how X-rays make an image in radiology?

  It helps in accurately interpreting the images
• When should a chest X-ray be taken for optimal results?

  During inspiration
• What does the term 'expansion' refer to in CXR acquisition?

  Ensuring the lungs are fully inflated during the X-ray
• What does 'penetration' refer to in CXR acquisition?

  The degree to which X-rays pass through the body
• What is the systematic approach to interpreting a chest X-ray?

  • Airway
  • Breathing
  • Circulation
  • Disability
  • Everything else
• What should be assessed in the airway during a chest X-ray interpretation?

  Is the trachea straight and midline?
• What is a sign of airway obstruction in a chest X-ray?

  Narrowing of the trachea
• What should be checked regarding the carina in a chest X-ray?

  It should be wide (more than 100°)
• What is the significance of assessing lung expansion in a chest X-ray?

  Both lungs should be expanded and similar in volume
• What are the normal features of the lung periphery in a chest X-ray?

  Normal costophrenic angles and normal hemidiaphragms
• What does the term 'consolidation' refer to in lung imaging?

  It refers to the filling of airspaces with fluid or solid material
• What are the components of the circulation assessment in a chest X-ray?

  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Right atrium
  3. Inferior vena cava
  4. Aortic arch
  5. Main pulmonary artery
  6. Left atrial appendage
  7. Left ventricle
• What is dextrocardia?

  A condition where the heart is positioned on the right side of the chest
• What does cardiomegaly indicate in a chest X-ray?

  Enlargement of the heart
• What should be reviewed in the 'Everything Else' category during a chest X-ray interpretation?

  Look for abnormalities that do not fit into the A-D categories
• What are some examples of 'Everything Else' in chest X-ray interpretation?

  Lines and tubes, soft tissue abnormalities, and hiatus hernia
• What is a weakness of chest X-ray (CXR)?

  It may not provide detailed information compared to other imaging modalities
• What are the basic principles of CT imaging?

  • Provides a 3D view of the patient
  • Allows multiplanar reconstruction
• What is CTPA used for?

  To diagnose pulmonary embolism
• What does VQ stand for in nuclear medicine?

  Ventilation/Perfusion
• What is the purpose of a PET/CT scan?

  It is used for cancer staging
• What are the cardiac investigations mentioned in the study material?

  • Echocardiogram
  • Coronary angiogram
  • CT coronary angiogram
  • Cardiac MRI
• What is the primary use of an echocardiogram?

  To investigate heart failure and pericardial effusion
• What is the significance of a coronary angiogram?

  It is used to diagnose coronary artery disease
• What is the advantage of a CT coronary angiogram?

  It is a less invasive way of diagnosing coronary artery disease
• What are the full names and acronyms of the imaging modalities discussed?

  • Chest X-ray (CXR): Good screening test for respiratory problems
  • Computed Tomography (CT): Better sensitivity and specificity than CXR, used if cancer is suspected
  • CT Pulmonary Angiogram (CTPA): Used for pulmonary embolism
  • Ventilation/Perfusion (VQ): Used for pulmonary embolism in young patients
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET/CT): Cancer staging scan
  • Echocardiogram (Echo): Excellent initial investigation for heart failure and pericardial effusion
  • Coronary Angiogram: Used for coronary artery disease (myocardial infarction)
  • CT Coronary Angiogram: Less invasive way of diagnosing coronary artery disease