Biology Exam 1

• What is the anatomical position of a subject?

  The subject stands erect, with eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor directed forward, arms at their sides, and palms forward.
• What are the major directional terms in anatomy?

  • Proximal
  • Distal
  • Superior
  • Inferior
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Intermediate
  • Bi-lateral
  • Ipsilateral
  • Contralateral
  • Superficial
  • Deep
  • Visceral
  • Parietal
• What are the regional names for the following body parts: skull, neck, elbow, wrist, knee, eye, chest, groin, hand, sole of the foot, cheek, under the armpit, thigh, buttock, ankle, and toes?

  • Cranial: skull
  • Cervical: neck
  • Cubital: elbow
  • Carpal: wrist
  • Patellar: knee
  • Orbital: eye
  • Thoracic: chest
  • Inguinal: groin
  • Metacarpal: hand, palm
  • Plantar: sole of the foot
  • Buccal: cheek
  • Axillary: under the armpit
  • Femoral: thigh
  • Gluteal: buttock
  • Tarsal: ankle
  • Digital or Phalangeal: toes
• What are the body plans in anatomy?

  Body plans refer to the organization of body structures, including the arrangement of organs and systems.
• What are body cavities?

  Body cavities are spaces within the body that contain organs, such as the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.

  
• What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?

  • Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
  • Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
  • Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
  • Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
• What are the abdominal regions?

  • Right Hypochondriac
  • Epigastric
  • Left Hypochondriac
  • Right Lumbar
  • Umbilical
  • Left Lumbar
  • Right Iliac
  • Hypogastric
  • Left Iliac
• What is the composition of the cell membrane?

  It is composed of a lipid bilayer made of phospholipids.
• What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?

  A phospholipid has a phosphate group on one end (the head) and two fatty acid chains (the tails).
• Why is the phosphate group of a phospholipid considered hydrophilic?

  Because it is negatively charged, making it attracted to water.
• What does a hydrophilic molecule do?

  A hydrophilic molecule is attracted to water.
• What is an amphipathic molecule?

  An amphipathic molecule contains both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region.
• What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

  ICF is the fluid interior of the cell.
• What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

  ECF is the fluid environment outside the cell membrane.
• What are integral proteins?

  Integral proteins are embedded in the membrane.
• What are peripheral proteins?

  Peripheral proteins are attached peripherally to integral proteins.
• What is the role of a receptor in cell signaling?

  A receptor selectively binds a specific molecule outside the cell.
• What is a ligand?

  A ligand binds to and activates a receptor.
• What is active transport?

  Active transport involves moving molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration against a gradient using energy.
• What is passive transport?

  Passive transport involves moving molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration without the use of energy.
• What are the main functions of cells?

  • Movement of substances across the cell membrane
  • Cell division to make new cells
  • Protein synthesis
• What is facilitated diffusion?

  Facilitated diffusion uses channel proteins that are less selective and carrier proteins that are more selective for transporting molecules.
• What are molecules?

  Molecules are neutral particles made of two or more atoms bonded together.
• What is an ion?

  An ion is a positively or negatively charged particle.
• What happens to red blood cells in an isotonic solution?

  In an isotonic solution, red blood cells stay the same concentration as the solution.
• What happens to red blood cells in a hypertonic solution?

  In a hypertonic solution, water will leave the red blood cells, causing them to shrink or crenate.
• What happens to red blood cells in a hypotonic solution?

  In a hypotonic solution, water will enter the red blood cells, causing them to swell and possibly rupture (hemolysis).
• What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

  • Endocytosis: Captures substances from outside the cell by engulfing them.
  • Exocytosis: Vesicles fuse and release their contents to the outside of the cell.
• What is the estimated number of cells in the adult human body?

  The adult human body has an estimated 75 trillion cells.
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  The plasma membrane separates the material outside the cell from the material inside the cell and maintains cell integrity.
• What is cytosol?

  Cytosol is the cellular fluid inside the cell, with water being the most abundant molecule.
• What does cytoplasm refer to?

  Cytoplasm refers to all material within a cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
• What is an organelle?

  An organelle is a "little organ" performing a unique function within the cell.
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  The nucleus is the control center that directs the activities of the cell and contains the genetic material (DNA).
• What is the nucleolus?

  The nucleolus is a dark-staining body within the nucleus that produces RNA and combines it with protein to form ribosomes.
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Mitochondria generate ATP and are the only organelles besides the nucleus that have their own DNA.
• What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

  The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to its outer surface and functions in the synthesis and transport of protein molecules.
• What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

  The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and functions in the synthesis of certain lipid molecules.
• What are ribosomes?

  Ribosomes are places where proteins are synthesized in cells, found on the rough ER or free-floating in the cytosol.
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  The Golgi apparatus is known as the "packaging and shipping plant" of the cell, pinching off secretory vesicles to release contents outside the cell.