updated review

• What is the definition of human anatomy?

  Human anatomy is the study of body structures, derived from Greek meaning "to cut."
• What is the definition of human physiology?

  Human physiology is the science of body functions.
• What are the four types of anatomy?

  • Surface anatomy: study of external features and their relation to internal features.
  • Systemic anatomy: study of body system structures and functions.
  • Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the naked eye.
  • Regional anatomy: study of specific areas of the body and their organs.
• What is histology?

  Histology is the study of tissue.
• What is cytology?

  Cytology is the study of cells.
• What is the level of organization in the human body from smallest to largest?

  1. Atom
  2. Molecule
  3. Cells
  4. Tissue
  5. Organ
  6. Organ system
  7. Organism
• What are the four types of tissue in the human body?

  Epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, nerves.
• What is an organ?

  An organ is a collection of tissues.
• What is an organ system?

  An organ system is a collection of organs.
• What are the functions of an organism?

  • Reproduction
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Differentiation
  • Movement
• What is homeostasis?

  Homeostasis is a state of balance/equilibrium in the body's internal environment.
• What is the normal range for blood glucose?

  Normal range is 70-110 mg of glucose/dL of blood.
• What are the important body fluids and their locations?

  • Intracellular: fluid within a cell
  • Extracellular: fluid outside of a cell
  • Interstitial: fluid between cells and blood vessels
  • Body plasma: blood vessels
  • Lymph: lymphatic vessels
  • Cerebrospinal fluid: brain and spinal cord
  • Synovial fluid: joints
  • Aqueous humor: eyes (tears)
• What is the difference between positive and negative feedback mechanisms?

  • Positive feedback: amplifies change (e.g., childbirth).
  • Negative feedback: reduces change (e.g., temperature regulation).
• What mechanisms does the body use to regulate temperature?

  • Body temperature decreases: vasoconstriction, muscle twitches to generate heat.
  • Body temperature increases: vasodilation to release heat.
• What is the function of oxytocin?

  Oxytocin stimulates labor contractions, aids milk release, promotes bonding, and helps reduce stress.
• What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

  • Symptoms: changes in body function felt by the patient (e.g., nausea).
  • Signs: observable changes noted by a doctor (e.g., rash).
• What does the integumentary system consist of and what is its function?

  • Consists of: skin, hair, nails, and glands.
  • Function: protects body, regulates temperature, eliminates waste through sweat and other secretions.
• What is the function of the skeletal system?

  • Consists of: bones and joints.
  • Functions: protects organs, provides support, houses cells that become red and white blood cells and platelets.
• What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?

  A tendon connects muscle to bone, while a ligament connects bone to bone.
• What is the function of endocrine glands?

  Endocrine glands regulate the body through chemical mechanisms by releasing hormones into the blood.
• Name all endocrine glands.

  • Pineal
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Adrenal glands
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
• What is respiration?

  Respiration is when organisms convert oxygen and glucose into energy, releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.
• What is the function of the respiratory system?

  The respiratory system extracts oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide.
• Name the organs of the digestive system.

  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Large intestine
  • Small intestine
• What is the anatomical position?

  The anatomical position is when a person stands upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet flat and slightly apart.
• What are the roles of a receptor, control, and effector in the body?

  • Receptor: detects changes in the environment.
  • Control: processes information.
  • Effector: carries out response.
• Define the following anatomical terms: superior, inferior, proximal, distal, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, bilateral, ipsilateral, contralateral, superficial, deep, visceral, parietal.

  • Superior: above, toward the head.
  • Inferior: below, away from the head.
  • Proximal: near to the trunk.
  • Distal: away from the trunk.
  • Anterior: toward the front.
  • Posterior: toward the back.
  • Medial: toward the midline.
  • Lateral: away from the midline.
  • Bilateral: both sides of the midline.
  • Ipsilateral: same side of the body.
  • Contralateral: opposite side of the body.
  • Superficial: toward the surface.
  • Deep: away from the surface.
  • Visceral: covering over an organ.
  • Parietal: covering against a cavity wall.
• What are the medical terms for the following regional terms: skull, neck, elbow, wrist, knee, eye, chest, groin, hand, sole of the foot, cheek, palm, armpit, thigh, buttock, ankle, and toes?

  • Skull: Cranial
  • Neck: Cervical
  • Elbow: Cubital
  • Wrist: Carpal
  • Knee: Patellar
  • Eye: Orbital
  • Chest: Thoracic
  • Groin: Inguinal
  • Hand: Metacarpal
  • Sole of foot: Plantar
  • Cheek: Buccal
  • Armpit: Axillary
  • Thigh: Femoral
  • Buttock: Gluteal
  • Ankle: Tarsal
  • Toes: Phalangeal or digital
• What are the body planes and their functions?

  • Sagittal: divides the body into right and left.
  • Transverse: divides the body into upper and lower.
  • Frontal: divides the body into anterior and posterior.
  • Oblique plane: passes through the body or organ at an angle.
• What are the body cavities and their functions?

  • Cranial cavity: protects the brain.
  • Dorsal cavity: the whole back.
  • Spinal cavity: protects the spinal cord.
  • Thoracic cavity: contains the lungs and heart.
  • Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestine.
  • Pelvic cavity: contains reproductive organs.
  • Ventral cavity: the whole front.
  • Pleural membranes: cover the lungs.
  • Visceral pleura: covers lungs.
  • Parietal pleura: walls of the pleural cavity.
  • Pericardial membranes: cover the heart.
  • Peritoneal membrane: covers abdominal organs.
• What is the function of the diaphragm?

  The diaphragm contracts to allow air to flow into the lungs and relaxes to push air out.
• Name all the organs within the RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, and LLQ.

  RUQ: liver, gallbladder, right kidney; LUQ: stomach, spleen, left kidney; RLQ: appendix, right ovary; LLQ: left ovary, sigmoid colon.
• Name all abdominal regions.

  • Right hypochondriac
  • Left hypochondriac
  • Epigastric
  • Right lumbar
  • Left lumbar
  • Hypogastric
  • Left iliac
  • Right iliac
  • Umbilical
• What are the differences between first, second, and third-degree burns?

  • First-degree: only the epidermis (mild pain and erythema).
  • Second-degree: destroys epidermis and part of the dermis (redness, blisters, edema, and pain).
  • Third-degree: destroys all layers including nerves.
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  • Separates material outside the cell from material inside the cell.
  • Maintains the integrity of the cell.
  • Determines what can enter or exit the cell.
• What is the function of Langerhans cells?

  Langerhans cells are macrophages that aid in the immune system.
• What are vitiligo and albinism?

  • Vitiligo: causes depigmentation patches on skin.
  • Albinism: causes complete or partial depigmentation in skin, hair, and eyes.
• What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?

  The arrector pili muscle causes the hair to stand up, also known as goosebumps.
• What are the differences between apocrine and eccrine glands?

  • Apocrine glands: found in the armpit and groin, produce odor.
  • Eccrine glands: found all over the body, regulate temperature.