4.2

• What is the primary function of respiration?

  To release energy from glucose
• How does exercise affect metabolism?

  It increases the rate of metabolic reactions
• What is the process of synthesis using glucose called?

  Metabolism
• What are the two main types of respiration?

  • Aerobic respiration
  • Anaerobic respiration
• What organisms primarily use anaerobic respiration?

  Yeast and plants
• What do muscles produce during anaerobic respiration?

  Lactic acid
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
• How does aerobic respiration compare to anaerobic respiration in terms of energy production?

  Aerobic respiration produces more energy
• What is the term for reactions that require energy?

  Anabolic reactions
• What is the purpose of generating heat in the body?

  To keep warm
• What type of reaction releases energy?

  Exothermic reaction
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

  Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles?

  Glucose → lactic acid
• What does the term "catabolic reactions" refer to?

  The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
• What are some examples of substances that can be synthesized from glucose?

  Glycogen, starch, cellulose
• What are the components required for the synthesis of lipids?

  Glycerol and fatty acids
• What is required for the synthesis of amino acids?

  Glucose and nitrates
• What happens to excess proteins in the body?

  They are broken down to urea
• What physiological changes occur with a higher demand for energy?

  Increased heart rate, breathing rate, and breath volume
• What can insufficient oxygen during exercise lead to?

  Build-up of lactic acid
• What is oxygen debt?

  The additional volume of oxygen needed to remove lactic acid from cells
• What effect does lactic acid have on muscle contraction?

  It stops efficient contraction
• Where is lactic acid converted back to glucose?

  In the liver
• What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions?

  • Anabolic reactions:
  • Join small molecules to form larger ones
  • Require energy

  
  

  • Catabolic reactions:
  • Break down larger molecules into smaller ones
  • Release energy