3.1

• What are communicable diseases?

  Diseases that can be transmitted from one individual to another
• Name one type of fungal disease.

  Rose black spot
• What is an example of a bacterial disease?

  Gonorrhoea
• What type of disease is malaria?

  Protist disease
• What is an example of a viral disease?

  Measles
• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause disease
• How do pathogens cause symptoms?

  By damaging cells or secreting toxins
• How do viruses affect cells?

  They enter and reproduce inside cells, causing cell death
• What methods can prevent the transmission of diseases?

  Improving hygiene, using contraception, vaccination, and destruction of infected plants/animals
• What is herd immunity?

  Protection of those unable to receive vaccinations through the immunity of the majority
• What does a vaccine contain?

  A dead or attenuated version of a pathogen
• What is the role of memory cells in vaccination?

  They remain in the body to recognize and destroy the pathogen quickly if it re-enters
• What is the function of painkillers?

  They only treat symptoms of diseases
• What do antibiotics do?

  They kill bacteria only
• Why is it difficult to kill viruses?

  Because it can damage host cells
• What causes antibiotic resistance?

  Overuse of antibiotics
• What are some non-specific defenses against disease?

  Skin, nose, trachea/bronchi, stomach
• What is the immune response?

  White blood cells produce antibodies, antitoxins, and engulf pathogens in phagocytosis
• How were drugs originally made?

  From plants and microorganisms
• What is required for new drugs before they are approved?

  Extensive testing for toxicity, efficacy, and dose
• What do vaccination programs aim to do?

  Reduce the spread of disease
• How can diseases spread?

  Via direct contact, airborne microorganisms, indirect contact, and contaminated food and drink
• What are the types of communicable diseases?

  • Fungal diseases
  • Bacterial diseases
  • Viral diseases
  • Protist diseases
• What are the key components of the immune response?

  • Production of antibodies
  • Production of antitoxins
  • Engulfing pathogens in phagocytosis
• What is the process of drug development?

  1. Original drugs from plants and microorganisms
  2. Synthesis of new drugs
  3. Extensive testing for toxicity, efficacy, and dose
  4. Preclinical testing and clinical trials
• What are the methods of disease transmission?

  • Direct contact
  • Airborne microorganisms
  • Indirect contact (e.g., through infected surfaces)
  • Contaminated food and drink