2.3

• What is the function of epidermal tissue in plants?

  Epidermal tissue covers the entire plant and reduces water loss.
• How does the waxy cuticle of epidermal tissue help the plant?

  It helps reduce water loss from the leaf surface.
• What is the main function of palisade mesophyll tissue?

  Palisade mesophyll tissue allows photosynthesis to occur at a rapid rate.
• Why does palisade mesophyll tissue contain many chloroplasts?

  To facilitate rapid photosynthesis.
• What is the adaptation of spongy mesophyll tissue for its function?

  It has lots of air spaces for gas diffusion.
• How do air spaces in spongy mesophyll tissue benefit the plant?

  They allow gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out.
• What is the primary function of xylem in plants?

  Xylem transports water and mineral ions from roots to leaves.
• How is xylem structurally adapted for its function?

  Xylem is made up of dead cells forming a continuous hollow tube.
• What role does lignin play in xylem?

  Lignin strengthens the vessel and makes it waterproof.
• What are bordered pits in xylem?

  Bordered pits allow minerals to be transported to specific places.
• What is the primary function of phloem in plants?

  Phloem transports dissolved sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant.
• How are phloem cells adapted for their function?

  Phloem is made up of elongated living cells with sieve plates.
• What is the purpose of sieve plates in phloem?

  Sieve plates connect cells and allow cell sap to move through.
• What is the function of meristem tissue in plants?

  Meristem tissue allows the plant to grow by differentiating into various cell types.
• What tissues are found in the leaf organ?

  The leaf organ contains epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem, phloem, and guard cells.
• What is the function of guard cells in plants?

  Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata based on water content.
• How do stomata contribute to plant function?

  Stomata control gaseous exchange and water loss from the leaf.
• Where are stomata more commonly found on a leaf?

  More stomata are found on the base of the leaf.
• Why are stomata located on the base of the leaf?

  It minimizes water loss as this side is cooler and shaded.
• What is the function of root hair cells?

  Root hair cells allow the uptake of water and mineral ions from the soil.
• How are root hair cells adapted for absorption?

  They have a large surface area to maximize absorption rate.
• Why do root hair cells contain many mitochondria?

  To release energy for the active transport of mineral ions.
• What is translocation in plants?

  Translocation is the movement of dissolved sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant.
• What is transpiration in plants?

  Transpiration is the evaporation of water vapor from the surface of a plant.
• How does transpiration occur?

  Water evaporates from the leaf surface via the stomata.
• What happens to water molecules during transpiration?

  Water molecules cohere together, pulling more water up the xylem in an unbroken column.
• What creates a continuous transpiration stream?

  More water is taken up from the soil, creating a continuous stream.
• How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?

  Increasing temperature increases the rate of transpiration.
• Why does higher temperature increase transpiration rate?

  It increases the rate of evaporation and diffusion of water.
• How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

  Increasing relative humidity decreases the rate of transpiration.
• Why does high relative humidity decrease transpiration rate?

  It reduces the water vapor concentration gradient, decreasing evaporation.
• How does wind speed affect the rate of transpiration?

  Increasing wind speed increases the rate of transpiration.
• Why does increased air movement raise transpiration rate?

  It lowers water vapor concentration outside the leaf, increasing the gradient.
• How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?

  Increasing light intensity increases the rate of transpiration.
• Why does higher light intensity increase transpiration rate?

  It increases the rate of photosynthesis, causing more stomata to open.