B2 - Keeping Healthy

• What are monoclonal antibodies?


  Identical antibodies
• How are monoclonal antibodies made?

  • mouse injected with pathogen
  • white blood cells divide and produce antibodies against antigen
  • Sample of blood taken from mouse and cells that produced right antibody are extracted
  • Cells are then fused with tumour cells which are then placed in a culture median which divides, making antibodies
• What is the use of monoclonal antibodies


  identify pathogens
• What is health?

  an organisms mental and physical well-being
• What is a communicable disease


  a disease that can be spread between organisms
• What is a non communicable disease


  a disease that can't be spread
• What are the 4 pathogens 


  viruses, protists, fungi, bacteria
• What is a pathogen?


  a microorganism that causes disease
• What are the ways that communicable diseases can be spread?


  water, air, surfaces, bodily fluids, animal vectors, soil, food
• What are the 3 parts of the human defence system

  • Physical - skin, platelets - scabbing
  • Chemical - saliva, hydrochloric acid
  • Microbial - bacteria in the gut fights pathogens
• What are aseptic techniques 


  techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms
• What are examples of aseptic techniques


  gloves, cleaning surfaces, passing the inoculating loop through a hot flame, work next to a bunsen burner, hot air rises so any unwanted microorganisms should be drawn away
• What is the equation to work out area of clear zones?


  pie r squared
• How does the body produce antitoxins?


  pathogens produce toxins , white blood cells produce antitoxins and limit damage of pathogens
• What are some things that can be done to reduce disease in animals?

  hygenic, vaccination, contraception
• What are some things that can be done to reduce disease in plants

  crop rotation, destroying infected plants, biological control
• What is the point of vaccinations?


  to create immunity against a pathogen
• Describe the process of vaccinations


  inject dead or inactive or weakened pathogens into the body. White blood cells find antigens and make antibodies to attack. Memory cells will be formed
• What are pros of vaccinations


  help get rid of / control lots of communicable diseases
• What are cons of vaccination?


  can be expensive and don't always work, people can have bad reactions to them too
• What are 2 examples of physical defences against pathogens? - plants


  waxy cuticle, cell wall
• What is the plant simple immune system


  pathogen detected and produce antimicrobial substances as a form of chemical defence
• What is the most important part of the human defence system?

  white blood cells
• How are antibodies produced?


  white blood cells come across foreign antigen. They produce proteins called antibodies which lock onto antigens. White blood cells then divide to produce more copies. so more antibodies can be produced rapidly. Antibodies tag pathogens which helps phagocytes to find them. Some white blood cells stay in the body creating memory cells
• What is phagocytosis?

  the process of lymphocytes tagging pathogens and phagocytes engulfing and digesting them and breaking down the pathogen
• Why is a large sample size better than a small one when collecting health data?


  it is more likely that more of the different characteristics present in the whole population will be represented and included in the sample.
• How you investigate effect of exercise?


  measure pulse rate
• What is meant by the term recovery rate?


  time taken for the heart to return to its usual beat pattern
• What are some things that can be done to treat disease?

  antibiotics and antivirals
• How would you use monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer?


  anti-cancer drug is attached to monoclonal antibodies, then it is injected into patient's blood stream. They will then bind to tumour markers on cancer cells. The drug will then kill the cancer cell but not the normal cell
• What are lifestyle factors that increase the risk of non - communicable diseases?


  not enough exercise, poor diet, alcohol, smoking
• What are 3 ways of treating CVD?

  • Healthy lifestyle - good diet, exercise regularly, no smoking
  • medicines- anticoagulants
  • surgical procedures - stents, coronary bypass surgery
• What would the target be to produce a new medicine?


  proteins as they have the gene linked to the disease
• What are the 2 tests to develop potential drugs?

  preclinical testing, clinical testing
• What is a double - blind trial?

  neither the patient nor the doctor knows until the results have been gathered
• What is a placebo?


  a substance that looks like the drug being tested but doesn't do anything, e.g. a sugar pill
• Phagocytosis

  .

  A) phagocyte

  B) pathogen

  
• vaccinations

  .

  A) pathogens

  B) antibodies

  C) white

  
• Petri dish bacterial growth

  .

  A) clear zone

  B) control

  C) antibiotic

  D) bacteria

  
• Monoclonal antibodies

  .

  A) antigen

  B) culture

  C) tumour

  D) white

  E) monoclonal