Respiration

• What type of respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen?

  Aerobic respiration
• How much energy is released during aerobic respiration?

  58 molecules of ATP or 2900 kJ
• What are the products of aerobic respiration?

  CO2 and H2O
• Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell?

  In the mitochondria
• What enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates?

  Carbohydrase/Amylase
• Where is carbohydrase/amylase produced?

  In the salivary glands, pancreas, and small intestine
• What type of respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen?

  Anaerobic respiration
• How much energy is released during anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?

  112 molecules of ATP or 180 kJ
• What are the products of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?

  Lactic acid and energy
• What are the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

  Ethanol, CO2, and energy
• Where does anaerobic respiration occur in the cell?

  In the cytoplasm
• What are the main substrates involved in cellular respiration?

  • Carbohydrates (e.g., starch)
  • Proteins
  • Lipids (fats)
• What enzyme breaks down proteins?

  Protease
• What enzyme breaks down lipids?

  Lipase
• What is cellular respiration and its characteristics?

  • Happens in plant and animal cells continuously
  • Controlled by enzymes
  • Exothermic reaction
  • Releases energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)
• What is the process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones during respiration?

  • Large molecules (polymers) are broken down into smaller molecules (monomers)
  • Examples of monomers:
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Fatty acids and glycerol
• What is emulsification in digestion?

  Breaking down fats into small droplets to make them more digestible
• What is the role of bile in digestion?

  Bile emulsifies fats in the small intestine
• What happens to glycogen during exercise?

  Glycogen is converted back to glucose for energy
• What physiological changes occur during exercise?

  Breathing increases, heart rate increases, and glycogen is converted to glucose
• What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

  $CH_2O +$$6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 +$$6H_2O$
• What can happen if there is not enough oxygen during exercise?

  Anaerobic respiration can occur, leading to lactic acid buildup
• What is oxygen debt?

  Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to convert accumulated lactic acid into glucose
• What are the effects of lactic acid buildup during anaerobic respiration?

  • Causes cramp or stitch pain
  • Results from incomplete breakdown of glucose