Long Term Memory

• What is the phenomenon when we struggle to remember something that feels just out of reach?

  It is known as retrieval failure.
• Who described the experience of a long-forgotten memory suddenly coming to mind?

  Marcel Proust.
• According to the retrieval failure explanation, why do we forget memories?

  Because we lack the right cue to trigger the recall of the memory.
• What principle did psychologist Endel Tulving propose regarding memory retrieval?

  The encoding specificity principle.
• What does the encoding specificity principle state?

  The cues available at recall need to be the same as those present at learning.
• How can a song trigger memories from a past experience?

  It serves as a cue that was present when the memory was encoded.
• What are the two parts of retrieval failure?

  • Context-dependent forgetting: Focuses on external cues present at learning.
  • State-dependent forgetting: Focuses on internal cues present at learning.
• What is context-dependent forgetting?

  It is when we forget because we lack external cues present at learning.
• How might forgetting occur when changing locations from where you learned information?

  Because the external contextual cues are missing in the new location.
• What is state-dependent forgetting?

  It is when we forget because we lack internal cues present at learning.
• How can physiological states like being under the influence of alcohol affect memory recall?

  They can change the internal cues present at learning, affecting recall.
• What did the research by Godden and Baddeley in 1975 demonstrate?

  It demonstrated context-dependent forgetting among scuba divers.
• What were the four conditions tested in Godden and Baddeley's study?

  Learn underwater and recall underwater; learn underwater and recall on land; learn on land and recall underwater; learn on land and recall on land.
• What did Grand and Hotal's 1998 study find regarding contextual cues?

  Recall was better when the conditions matched at learning and recall.
• What drug was studied by Carter and Cassidy in 1998 regarding state-dependent forgetting?

  Antihistamine.
• What was the main finding of Carter and Cassidy's study?

  Recall was higher when participants were in the same internal state at recall and learning.
• What did the research by Loftus in 1983 investigate?

  The effects of alcohol on memory recall.
• What did Loftus's study find regarding recall when participants were drunk?

  Participants recalled more information when drunk if that was their state during encoding.
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the retrieval failure explanation?

  Strengths:

  • Explains forgetting in real-life scenarios.
  • Can be applied to improve revision techniques.

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Does not account for forgetting in less dramatic circumstances.
  • Overemphasizes the role of context and state.
• How can understanding retrieval failure help students during exams?

  It can help them use effective cues to recall information.
• What is one technique students might use to create memorable cues for revision?

  Using mnemonics.
• How has the idea of retrieval failure been applied to eyewitness testimony?

  It has led to improvements in police interviews through cognitive interviews.
• What is the cognitive interview designed to do?

  Help eyewitnesses recall information by reinstating the context of the crime.
• What should students do if they struggle to recall information during class?

  They should explore different cues that could trigger the memory.
• What are some common misconceptions about memory and forgetting?

  • Memory is always accurate.
  • Forgetting means the memory is lost forever.
  • Stress always hinders memory recall.
• What are the three types of long-term memory explored in the video?

  • Procedural memory
  • Episodic memory
  • Semantic memory
• What does procedural memory relate to?

  Motor or movement skills and actions.
• How can procedural memories be described?

  As knowing how to do things.
• Give an example of procedural memory.

  Knowing how to swim the breaststroke.
• Why are procedural memories considered non-declarative?

  They are difficult to describe verbally.
• What happens when someone is asked to explain how to swim the breaststroke?

  They are likely to demonstrate the action rather than describe it verbally.
• How do we typically perform procedural memories?

  Automatically, without much awareness.
• What is episodic memory related to?

  Specific episodes or events in one's life.
• Why are episodic memories considered autobiographical?

  They are personal and specific to the individual.
• Provide an example of an episodic memory.

  Recalling a summer holiday in Cornwall at age 12.
• How do episodic memories differ from procedural memories?

  Episodic memories are declarative and easier to describe.
• What are semantic memories related to?

  Meaning and fact-based information.
• Give an example of a semantic memory.

  Knowing that the capital of Sweden is Stockholm.
• How do semantic memories differ from episodic memories?

  Semantic memories may not be tied to personal experiences.
• What is a key distinction regarding the forgetting of procedural memories?

  They are thought to be more resistant to forgetting and amnesia.