Longitudinal and transverse waves

• What are the two main types of waves mentioned in the study material?

  Longitudinal and transverse waves
• How do waves transfer energy?

  Waves transfer energy but not matter
• What is an example of a longitudinal wave?

  Sound waves
• In longitudinal waves, how are the vibrations oriented in relation to the direction of wave travel?

  The vibrations are parallel to the direction of wave travel
• What does the 'P' in P-waves stand for in the context of longitudinal waves?

  Pressure or push waves
• What are areas of compression in longitudinal waves?

  Regions of increased pressure where particles are closer together
• What are areas of rarefaction in longitudinal waves?

  Regions of reduced pressure where particles are further apart
• How do particles move in a longitudinal wave?

  Particles move backwards and forwards between compressions
• What is a transverse wave?

  A wave that moves at right angles to the direction of particle vibration
• Give an example of a transverse wave.

  Ripples on the surface of water
• How are the vibrations oriented in transverse waves?

  The vibrations are at right angles to the direction of wave travel
• What does the 'S' in S-waves stand for in the context of transverse waves?

  Shake or shear waves
• How can transverse waves be demonstrated?

  By moving a rope rapidly up and down
• In transverse waves, how do particles move as the wave is transmitted?

  Particles move up and down
• What is a medium in the context of wave transmission?

  A material through which a wave can be transmitted
• What are the key differences between longitudinal and transverse waves?

  • Longitudinal waves:
  • Vibrations are parallel to wave travel
  • Examples: sound waves, seismic P-waves
  • Transverse waves:
  • Vibrations are at right angles to wave travel
  • Examples: ripples on water, seismic S-waves
• What are the characteristics of compressions and rarefactions in longitudinal waves?

  • Compressions:
  • Areas of increased pressure
  • Particles are closer together
  • Rarefactions:
  • Areas of reduced pressure
  • Particles are further apart
• How do energy transfer mechanisms differ between longitudinal and transverse waves?

  • Longitudinal waves:
  • Energy is transferred through compressions and rarefactions
  • Transverse waves:
  • Energy is transferred through peaks and troughs