Sign Test

• What is meant by a type 1 error?

  A type 1 error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true.
• What is the sign test?

  The sign test is a non-parametric statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between two related samples.
• When would you use the sign test?

  You would use the sign test when you have a repeated measures design and nominal data.
• What does the sign test tell us?

  The sign test tells us if the difference is significant enough to attribute it to the independent variable rather than chance.
• What are the 3 factors needed for a sign test?

  Two related samples, nominal data, and a hypothesis about the difference.
• How do you calculate the value (S) in the sign test?

  You calculate S by looking for the less frequent sign in the differences.
• What is the purpose of statistical testing?

  To determine if the results are significant.
• What is the significance level typically used in psychology for a one-tailed test?

  0.05 (5%)
• What does a significance level of 0.05 mean for a researcher?

  The researcher can be 95% confident that the change was due to the independent variable and not chance.
• What are the 8 statistical tests that should be identified?

  • Sign Test
  • Chi-squared
  • Mann-Whitney
  • Wilcoxon
  • Spearman’s rho
  • Pearson’s r
  • Related t-test
  • Unrelated t-test
• When might a significance level of 0.01 be used?

  It might be used in studies that could affect human lives, such as drug trials.
• What happens if the results are not significant at the 0.05 level?

  The researcher would fail to reject the null hypothesis.
• What are the levels of measurement in statistics?

  • Nominal: Data in separate categories.
  • Ordinal: Data that is ordered but gaps are not meaningful.
  • Interval: Data measured on a scale with equal intervals.
• What are critical values in the context of the sign test?

  Critical values are predetermined values that indicate at what point the results support or disprove the hypothesis.
• What is the difference between parametric and non-parametric tests?

  Parametric tests use mean and standard deviation, while non-parametric tests use ranked data.
• When should a non-parametric test be used?

  When data is nominal or ordinal, or when the data does not represent a normal distribution.
• What is the significance of a normal distribution in parametric tests?

  It indicates that the data is bell-shaped and evenly distributed around the mean.
• What is the mnemonic to remember the statistical tests?

  Carrots Should Come Mashed With Spinach Under Roast Potatoes.
• What is the appropriate statistical test for nominal data?

  Chi-squared or sign test.
• What is the level of significance for a two-tailed test?

  0.10 (10%)
• What is the level of significance for a one-tailed test at a higher confidence level?

  0.01 (1%)
• What is the level of significance for a two-tailed test at a higher confidence level?

  0.02 (2%)
• What is the appropriate statistical test for ordinal data?

  Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon or Spearman's Rho
• What is the significance of the sign test in psychological research?

  The sign test allows researchers to determine if observed differences are statistically significant.
• What is the appropriate statistical test for interval data?

  Unrelated t-test, Related t-test or Pearson's r
• What is the significance of the sign test in research?

  It is used to analyze differences in related samples.
• Why is it important to use nominal data in the sign test?

  Nominal data allows for categorization of responses, which is essential for the sign test.
• What are the implications of type 1 errors in research findings?

  Type 1 errors can lead to false conclusions about the effectiveness of an intervention.
• What is the role of critical values in hypothesis testing?

  Critical values help determine whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis based on the calculated results.
• Why is it important to justify the choice of statistical test in research?

  To ensure the test is appropriate for the data type and research question.
• What is the process of calculating the S value in the sign test?

  The S value is calculated by counting the less frequent sign in the differences between paired observations.
• How would you calculate the value of S using the sign test?

  By counting the number of positive and negative differences.
• How do you interpret results in the context of the sign test?

  Results are interpreted based on whether the calculated S value is less than or equal to the critical value.
• How can the sign test be applied in real-world scenarios?

  The sign test can be used in clinical trials to assess the effectiveness of treatments.
• What is the mnemonic for stats testing?

  Carrots Should Come Mashed With Spinach Under Roast Potatoes