attachment

• What is the definition of attachment in the context of interactions?

  An intense, emotional bond between two people.
• What are the two main types of interactions that contribute to attachment?

  1. Reciprocity: "turn taking" where the baby mimics the mother's actions.
  2. Interactional synchrony: "in synch" where both parties mirror each other's movements.
• What is reciprocity in attachment interactions?

  It is when the baby repeats the mother's actions.
• What is interactional synchrony?

  It is when two individuals move their heads at the same time, mirroring each other.
• What support did Melzoff and Moore provide for interactional synchrony?

  They observed infants aged 2-3 weeks mimicking facial expressions.
• What did Isabella's research reveal about interactional synchrony?

  High levels of synchrony were associated with better quality attachments.
• What did Henyan's research suggest about interactions and attachments?

  Some mothers have little interaction but still form secure attachments.
• What is a potential limitation of observational studies on attachment interactions?

  Interactions may be accidental, leading to misinterpretation.
• What is a concern regarding observer bias in attachment studies?

  Observers may interpret interactions based on their own expectations.
• What role do fathers typically play in attachment?

  Fathers are mostly secondary attachments.
• Why do fathers spend less time with children compared to mothers?

  Fathers often spend less time due to work commitments.
• How do fathers typically respond to a child's cues compared to mothers?

  Fathers are generally less sensitive to a child's cues than mothers.
• What type of interactions do fathers typically engage in with their children?

  Fathers are more playful, risqué, and exciting in their interactions.
• What role can a father take if he is a single parent?

  A father can take on the primary caregiver role and become more nurturing.
• What evidence supports the importance of fathers in child development?

  Children do worse in school without a father figure.
• What did Grossman's research indicate about father-child attachments?

  Attachments with mothers influence attachments in teenage years.
• What did Geiger's research reveal about the roles of mothers and fathers?

  Fathers are seen as exciting while mothers are nurturing.
• How do societal roles affect the attachment dynamics between mothers and fathers?

  Economic factors may lead mothers to be the breadwinners, allowing fathers to stay home.
• What are the stages of attachment according to Schaffer?

  1. Pre-attachment (0-3 months): Asocial, showing no preference.
  2. Indiscriminate attachment (3-7/8 months): Preference for people over objects.
  3. Specific attachment (7/8 - 9 months): Formation of a primary attachment.
  4. Multiple attachment (9 months +): Attachments to wider family.
• What is the age range for the pre-attachment stage?

  0-3 months.
• What characterizes the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  Infants start to prefer people over objects and show no stranger or separation anxiety.
• What happens during the specific attachment stage?

  Infants form one specific attachment and show separation and stranger anxiety.
• What occurs in the multiple attachment stage?

  Infants develop attachments to wider family members and show separation and stranger anxiety.
• What support did Schaffer and Emerson provide for the stages of attachment?

  They interviewed 60 Glasgow mothers and found that 29% formed multiple attachments within one month.
• What is a limitation of Schaffer and Emerson's research?

  Interviews could be biased, affecting the results.
• What is a concern regarding the temporal validity of Schaffer and Emerson's research?

  The research is from the 1960s, which may not reflect current attachment dynamics.
• Why might the multiple attachment stage be considered ethnocentric?

  Different cultures may have different attachment practices and norms.
• What was the aim of Lorenz's study on imprinting?

  To observe the formation of attachment in geese.
• What was the method used in Lorenz's imprinting study?

  He divided goose eggs into two groups: one under a mother and one in an incubator.
• What were the findings of Lorenz's study on imprinting?

  Geese quickly divided to whom they first saw, showing no recognition of their mother if they saw Lorenz first.
• What is the conclusion drawn from Lorenz's study on imprinting?

  Animals imprint a mental image of the first moving thing they see, indicating attachment is innate.
• What support did Guiton provide for Lorenz's findings?

  He found that chicks imprinted on a yellow glove.
• What is a limitation of Lorenz's study regarding generalization to humans?

  The findings are difficult to generalize to humans due to physiological differences.
• What was the aim of Harlow's monkey study?

  To test the learning theory that attachments are formed by food.
• What was the method used in Harlow's study?

  Harlow used 8 baby monkeys with two "mums": one wire with milk and one cloth without milk.
• What were the results of Harlow's monkey study?

  All monkeys spent most time with the cloth 'mum' for comfort, even when feeding from the wire 'mum'.
• What conclusion did Harlow draw from his study?

  Contact comfort is more important than food in forming attachments.
• What ethical issues were raised in Harlow's study?

  There were concerns about the protection from harm for the monkeys.
• What practical applications arose from Harlow's research?

  Harlow's findings led to the practice of skin-to-skin contact after birth.
• What are the two learning theories related to attachment?

  1. Classical conditioning: Attachment formed through association (e.g., milk = happiness).
  2. Operant conditioning: Attachment formed through reinforcement (e.g., crying leads to feeding).