animal coordination/ control

• where is adrenaline produced?


  Adrenal gland
• Where is insulin produced?


  pancreas
• where is testosterone produced?


  testes
• where is progesterone produced?


  ovaries
• Where is ADH produced?


  hypothalamus
• where is LH produced?


  pituitary gland
• where is FSH produced?


  pituitary gland
• where is oestrogen produced?


  ovaries
• what are the 4 things that happen during fight or flight?


  • increased heart rate
  • increased blood pressure
  • increased blood floe to the muscles
  • raised blood sugar levels
• what does thyroxine control?


  metabolic rate
• what is negative feedback?

  a process that restores levels in the body after they deviate from that level
• what are the steps of how thyroxine controls metabolic rate?


  • low levels of thyroxine stimulates production of TRH in hypothalamus.
  • this causes the release of TSH from the pituitary gland
  • TSH acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine
  • when thyroxine levels are normal thyroxine inhibits the release of TRH and the production of TSH
• what does TRH do?


  hormone that controls the level of thyroxine hormones in the body
• what are the four stages of the menstrual cycle?

  • menstruation
  • follicular phase
  • ovulation
  • luteal phase
• what happens during menstruation?


  the lining of the uterus breaks down
• what happens during the follicular phase?


  • follicles in the ovaries mature
  • prepare for the follicles to be released during ovulation
• what happens during ovulation?


  egg is released from the ovaries
• what happens during the luteal phase?


  body prepares the uterus for pregnancy
• what are the hormones that are involved in the menstrual cycle?


  • oestrogen
  • progesterone
  • FSH
  • LH
• what does oestrogen do in the menstrual cycle?


  repairs and thickens the uterus lining
• what does progesterone do in the menstrual cycle?


  maintains the uterus lining
• what does LH do in menstrual cycle?


  stimulates the release of an egg
• what does FSH do in the menstrual cycle?


  cause an egg to mature in the ovaries
• what are some hormonal contraception examples?


  • contraceptive pill
  • contraception injection, inplants and skin patches
  • IUDs
• what is the contraceptive pill made of and what does it do?


  • contains oestrogen and progesterone
  • prevents release of FSH and LH
• what do the contraceptive injection, implant and skin patch do?


  • they release progesterone slowly
  • prevents the maturation and release of eggs
• what do IUDs do?


  • small device inserted into the uterus
  • makes it difficult for sperm to reach the egg
• How does IVF work?


  • FSH and LH are given to the mother to stimulate the maturation of several eggs in the ovary
  • the eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised with the sperm from the father in a dish in the laboratory
  • the fertilised eggs develop into embryos
  • one or two embryos are inserted into the mothers uterus
• what is clomifene?


  a drug used to stimulate ovulation
• what is homeostasis?


  the regulation of internal conditions to create optimal conditions for biological function
• what does homeostasis control in the human body?


  • blood glucose concentration
  • body temperature
  • water levels
• what temperature does the human body need to be at to maintain a temperature at which enzymes work best?


  37 degrees
• what is thermoregulation?


  control of internal body temperature
• where is thermoregulation centre found?


  hypothalamus
• what are some mechanisms our body uses to warm up?

  • vasoconstriction - constrict blood vessels near the surface of the skin
  • contract erector muscles - trap a small layer of insulating air
  • shivering - muscles contract automatically
• what are some mechanisms our body uses to cool down?

  • erector muscles relax - hairs fall flat
  • vasodilation - blood vessels near skin expand
  • sweat - water on surface evaporates and takes heat energy from body with it
• what is osmoregulation?


  maintaining the right balance of water and mineral ions in the body
• what does insulin control in the body?


  blood glucose levels
• how does glucagon regulate blood glucose concentration in the body?

  causes the liver to convert glycogen into glucouse which is released into the blood stream.
• what is the cause of type 1 diabetes?


  pancreas fails to provide insulin to regulate blood glucose levels