exchange and transport in animals

• Why do we need to transport a range of substances in and out of a range of organisms?

  To funtion properly and survive
• What is the need for exchange surfaces?

  To allow substances to enter and leave the body at a sufficient rate
• why do we need a transport system in multicellular organisms?

  multicellular Organisms have a small surface area to volume ration meaning diffusion is not enough to move substances to where they are needed
• How are aveoli adapted for gas exchange by diffusion?

  • large surface area
  • Thin walls
  • Moist surfaces
  • Rich blood supply
  • Highly folded
• Why does a large surface area help gas exchange in the aveoli?

  Large surface area to volume ratio allows more diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood.
• how do thin walls help aveoli during gas exchange?

  Reduces distance for diffusion
• How do moist surfaces help aveoli adapt for gas exchange?

  helps the gases dissolve , making it easier for them to pass through the cell membrane
• how are aveoli adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries?

  Aveoli are covered by a rich blood supply of capilaries, this provides a diffusion gradient for oxygen to move into the blood and carbon dioxide to move into the lungs
• What are the factors affecting the rate of diffusion?

  • concentration gradient
  • Temperature
  • Surface area
  • Diffusion distance
• What is the calculate for rate of diffusion?

  Rate of diffusion = surface area x concentration difference divided by thickness of membrane
• How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

  • biconcave shape
  • Thin membrane
  • Small and flexible
  • No nucleus
• how does the biconcave shape of a red blood cell help them adapt to their function?

  Increases surface area for absorbing oxygen
• How does a thin membrane help a red blood cell adapt to its function?

  allows gases to easily diffuse through
• How are white blood cells adapted to their function?

  • flexible cell membranes
  • Irregular shape
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
• What is the plasma?

  Liquid part of the blood that carries blood components around the body
• what are red blood cells adapted to do?

  Transport oxygen around the body
• what are white blood cells adapted to do?

  Bind to pathogens and damage or destroy them
• What do platelets do?

  Form scabs to stop bleeding
• how are arteries adapted to their function?

  • Have a thick, muscular wall that can withstand high pressure blood.
  • Elastic walls that recoil to help maintain high blood pressure
• what do arteries do?

  They carry oxygenated Blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
• how are veins adapted to their function?

  • thinner walls than arteries and use valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards when at low pressure
• What do veins do?

  Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
• how are capillaries adapted to their function?

  • walls only one cell thick allowing molecules to diffuse between the blood and body’s cells
• What do capillaries do?

  Allow the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste products between blood and body cells
• What do capillaries do?

  Allow the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste products between blood and body cells Allow the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste products between blood and body cells
• How many chambers does the heart have?

  4
• what are the chambers of the heart called?


  • Right atria
  • Left atria
  • right ventricle
  • Left ventricle
• What do valves do?


  Prevent blood from flowing backwards
• How is the structure if blood vessels related to their function?

  • thick walls - carry blood away from the heart at night pressure
• where is the bicuspid valve found in the heart?

  Between the left atrium and left ventricle
• Where is the tricuspid valve located in the heart?

  Between the right atrium and right ventricle
• what do arteries do?

  Carry blood away from the heart
• What do veins do?

  Carry blood back to the heart
• What is the septum?

  A thin muscular wall that separated the hearts right and left sides
• Do the atria (atrium) receive the blood or pump out blood?

  Receive blood
• Do the ventricle (ventricles) receive the blood or pump out blood?

  Pump out
• What type of reaction is cellular respiration?

  Ectothermic
• What is aerobic respiration?


  Chemical process that uses oxygen to create energy from carbohydrates - sugars
• What is anaerobic respiration?


  process of breaking down glucose and other nutrient molecules to produce energy without oxygen
• What is cellular respiration?


  Exothermic reaction which occurs continuously in living cells to release energy for metabolic processes