Bioenergetics

• What is the equation for photosynthesis?

  carbon dioxide + water light glucose + oxygen
• What does photosynthesis produce using light?

  Glucose and oxygen
• Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?

  In chloroplasts
• How is energy transferred to chloroplasts during photosynthesis?

  By light absorbed from sunlight
• What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

  Endothermic
• What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

  6CO₂ + 6H₂O light C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
• What are the five main ways plants use glucose?

  1. Respiration
  2. Making amino acids
  3. Making cellulose
  4. Stored as oils or fats
  5. Stored as starch
• What is the role of glucose in respiration for plants?

  It transfers energy from glucose
• Why is starch a better storage form than glucose?

  Starch is insoluble, preventing water absorption
• What three factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  Intensity of light, concentration of CO₂, and temperature
• What does it mean when a factor is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

  It stops photosynthesis from happening any faster
• How does the limiting factor change at night?

  Light becomes the limiting factor
• How can chlorophyll be a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

  Its amount can be affected by disease or nutrient stress
• What is aerobic respiration?

  Respiration that requires oxygen to release energy from glucose
• What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

  glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
• What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

  C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
• Why is aerobic respiration more efficient than anaerobic respiration?

  It releases a larger amount of energy
• What is anaerobic respiration?

  Respiration that does not require oxygen to release energy from glucose
• What does yeast produce during anaerobic respiration?

  Ethanol and carbon dioxide
• What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

  glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
• What happens to glucose in muscles during strenuous exercise?

  It is broken down to lactic acid
• What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles?

  glucose → lactic acid
• What is the effect of lactic acid in muscles?

  It is toxic and causes muscle fatigue and cramps
• How is lactic acid removed from muscles?

  Slowly over time by the liver
• What do some plants and yeasts do in the absence of oxygen?

  They carry out anaerobic respiration
• What is the role of carbon dioxide in bread making?

  It makes the bread rise
• What happens to the heart rate during exercise?

  It increases
• What happens to the breathing rate during exercise?

  It increases
• What is the effect of exercise on the amount of oxygen taken in by the lungs?

  It increases
• What happens to the amount of carbon dioxide given out by the lungs during exercise?

  It increases
• How does exercise affect blood flow to the muscles?

  It increases
• What is oxygen debt?

  The extra oxygen needed to remove lactic acid after exercise
• Why does the heart rate remain high after exercise?

  To repay the oxygen debt
• What are the effects of exercise on the body?

  • Heart rate increases
  • Breathing rate increases
  • Oxygen intake increases
  • Carbon dioxide output increases
  • Blood flow to muscles increases
• What happens during anaerobic respiration in muscles?

  • Glucose is broken down to lactic acid
  • Lactic acid causes muscle fatigue and cramps
  • Oxygen debt occurs after exercise