Circulatory System (Unit Test)

• Layers of Heart Walls

  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
• Epicardium


  Outer protective layer, reduces friction.
• Myocardium


  Thick middle muscle layer, responsible for heart contractions.
• Endocardium


  Smooth inner layer, lines chambers and valves, helping blood flow smoothly.
• Function of Veins

  • Returns blood to the heart from the different parts of the body via tubes.
  • Transport blood from the venules back to the heart and carries unoxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. Usually superficially located and when injured and punctured, blood flows smoothly.
• Blood Pressure (BP) Taking:

  
• Blood Pressure (BP) Taking:

  1. Systolic Pressure: Pressure during heart contraction (normal range ~90-120 mm Hg).
  2. Diastolic Pressure: Pressure during relaxation (normal range ~60-80 mm Hg).
• 
  

  BP is measured using a sphygmomanometer, with the cuff placed on the arm to restrict blood flow, allowing pressure measurements during heartbeat phases.

  
• Blood Typing

  1. Types: A, B, AB, and O, based on antigens on red blood cells. Rh factor (positive or negative) adds further distinction.
  2. Compatibility: O- is universal donor; AB+ is universal recipient.

  
• What are the two blood circulation system

  1. Pulmonary Circulation
  2. Systemic Circulation
• Systemic Circulation


  Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta and out to the body. Deoxygenated blood returns via the vena cava to the right atrium of the heart
• Pulmonary Circulation


  Blood flows from the heart to lungs (to gain oxygen) and back to the heart.
•  Lymphatic System Functions

  Returns to the blood vascular system, extracellular fluid is not drained by the veins to prevent edema (accumulation extracellular fluid in the body).

  With organs responsible for providing immunity ( resistance against infections and harmful foreign bodies ). To the body (i. e. lymphatic tissues and organs).
• Lymphatic tissues and organs like:

  1. Spleen – filters the blood here.

  - conserving iron

  - storing blood can hold up to 1 cup

  reserve blood.

  
• Lymphatic tissues and organs like:

  2. Tonsils - found in the pharynx.

  - contain a lot of white blood cells

  (kill germs)enters the the body

  through nose & mouth.

  
• Lymphatic tissues and organs like:


  3. Lymph Nodes - filters the lymph. Approximately 600 lymph ( varies person to person )

  b. Lymphatic vessels

  c. Lymph - the circulating medium

  
• What is the heart rate of an individual?

  60-100 beats per minute
• Heartbeat consist of two parts

  1. Diastole
  2. Systole
• Diastole


  Heart muscle relaxes
• Systole


  The ventricles contract, pumping blood to the body.
• Very small blood vessels that small blood cells flow through in single file

  Capillaries
• Closed network of vessels that transport materials to and from the cells of the body

  Circulatory System
• Person with a low WBCs cell count is suspected of having a chronic infections: Leukemia, HIV, Lupus, bone marrow disorders.
• Person with a ___ cell count is suspected of having an acute infections: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, burns, trauma


  High WBCs
• Instrument used to measure the charging blood pressures of an individual is called

  Sphygmomanometer
• Point at which the sounds are first heard when taking BP is called

  Systolic pressure
• Point at which the sounds disappear when taking BP is called

  Diastolic pressure
• Found in the pharynx, contain a lot of while blood cells that enters the body the body through nose & mouth

  Tonsils
• The orbit, eyelashes, eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal glands common function is

  Protection
• When you look in the mirror, which of the following part of the eye that you CANNOT see:

  Lens, Vitreous
• Functions of lens

  1. Impulse
  2. reception
  3. transmission
• Circulation that carries blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, capillaries in the tissues of the body:

  Systemic Circulation
• the following are steps of pulmonary circulation

  Blood moves through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary vein
• A patient with blood group A CANNOT receive blood from a donor with blood group:

  Blood group AB, B
• What blood can be safely transfused to blood type B?

  B positive, B negative, O positive, and O negative donors
• In which blood group attracts mosquitoes?

  Blood type O
• ____ records the number of times that your heart beats per minute, while your ____ quantities how strongly your blood moves through the blood vessels:

  Heart rate, blood pressure
• The action of listening to sounds from the heart, lungs, or other organs, typically with a stethoscope

  Auscultation