Lesson 2

• The communication process

  A) Sender

  B) Message

  C) Receiver

  D) Receiver

  E) Feedback

  F) Sender

  
• The sender sends a message with a certain intention in mind. The receiver of the message tries to understand and interpret the message sent. He then gives feedback to the original sender, who in turn interprets the feedback. This process, repeated continuously, constitutes communication.
• Sender – It is the person who intends to make contact with the objective of passing the message to other persons.
• Elements of communication

  • Sender
  • Message
  • Encoding
  • Channel
  • Receiver
  • Decoding
  • Feedback
• Message – This is the subject matter of the communication which is in tended to be passed to the receiver from the sender.
• Encoding – The process of converting the message into communication symbols.
• Channel – Message encoded in to symbols are transmitted by the sender through a channel.
• Receiver – The person or group to whom the message is directed.
• Decoding – The receiver translates the words and symbols used in the message into idea and interprets it to obtain its meaning.
• Feedback – It is the way of judging the effectiveness of the message .
• Aristotle model of communication

  A) Speaker

  B) Speech

  C) Occasion

  D) Audience

  E) Effect

  
• Aristotle advises speakers to build speech for different audience on different time (occasion) and for different effect.
• What model is this?

  A) Aristotlean model

  
• The Greek Philosopher Aristotle ( 384 –322 B.B.) defines communication (called RHETORIC in his time) as "the faculty of observing, in any given case, the available means of persuasion."
• The aristotlean model:

  This process involves four steps:

  1. A Speaker discover some logical, emotional and ethical proofs;
  2. He arranges these materials strategically;
  3. He clothes the ideas in clear, compelling words; and
  4. He delivers the resulting speech appropriately.
• The Aristotelian model seems to emphasize four important "faculties" or skills of a speaker, which he must use (observe) as a means of persuading his listeners (audience) to act according to his pleas or intentions.
• The Aristotlean model is speaker-centered.
• During his time (Aristotle), the emphasis was the training of speakers-public speakers called orators, skillful in the art of reasoning and persuasion.
• What model is this?

  A) Shanon's model (1948)

  
• Shannon's (1948) model of the communication process is, in important ways, the beginning of the modern field. It provided, for the first time, a general model of the communication process that could be treated as the common ground of such diverse disciplines as journalism, rhetoric, linguistics, and speech and hearing sciences.
• Shannon-Weaver Model (1949) - This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and receiver. Also, they find factors which affecting the communication process called “Noise”. At first the model was developed to improve the Technical communication. Later it’s widely applied in the field of Communication
• What model is this?

  A) Shannon-Weaver's Model of Communication

  
• Berlo’s model believes that for effective communication to take place, the source and the receiver need to be on the same level. Only then communication will happen or take place properly. Hence, the source and the receiver should be similar.
• What model is this?

  A) BerloS's SMCR Model of Communication

  
• The source is situated where the message originates.
• Attitudes – This includes attitudes towards the audience , subject and towards oneself. For example, for the student, the attitude is to learn more and for teachers, it is to help teach .
• Communication skills – It is the skill of the individual to communicate . For example , the ability to read , write , speak, listen etc
• Knowledge – Communicating also means that the person needs to be knowledgeable about the subject or topic.
• Social system – The social system includes the various aspects of society like values, beliefs, culture, religion and a general understanding o f society. It is where the communication takes place.
• Culture: Culture o f a par ticular society also comes under the social system.
• The sender of the message, from where the message originates, is referred to as the encoder.
• The body o f a message, from the beginning to the end, comprises its content .
• Elements – It includes various things like language, gestures, body language, etc .
• Treatment – It refers to the packing o f the message and the way in which the message is conveyed or the way in which it is passed on or delivered.
• The structure of the message re fers to how it is arranged; the way people structure the message into various parts.
• The code of the message refers to the means through which it is sent and in what form. It could be, for example, language, body language, gestures, music, etc. Even culture is a code .
• Hearing - The use of ears to receive the message .
• Visual channels, for example , Watching television so the message is conveyed through the scene /film.
• Touching: The sense of touch can be used as a channel to communicate .
• Smelling: Smell also can be a channel to communicate. For example , perfumes, food, fragrances etc.