Sociology

• What was Durkheim concerned with in his work?

  The social and moral order of modern society
• What did Durkheim emphasize in his contributions to sociology?

  The importance of social norms, values, and institutions
• What did Marx criticize about the capitalist system?

  He saw it as exploitative and alienating for workers
• What was Marx's contribution to sociology?

  The development of a critical theory emphasizing economic relations
• What was Weber interested in regarding modern society?

  The social, political, and economic changes
• What did Weber emphasize in his work?

  The importance of understanding subjective meanings and motivations
• What do functionalists believe about social structures?

  They are necessary for maintaining social order and stability
• What do Marxist perspectives emphasize?

  The importance of social class and economic relations
• What do feminist sociologists focus on?

  How gender shapes social structures and experiences
• What is society defined as in sociology?

  A group of people who share a common culture and institutions
• What is socialization?

  The process through which individuals learn the norms and values of their society
• What are norms in sociology?

  Shared expectations and rules about appropriate behavior
• What are values in sociology?

  Shared beliefs about what is important or desirable
• What is labeling in sociology?

  The process of identifying and classifying individuals or groups
• What is discrimination?

  The unjust treatment of individuals based on social category membership
• What types of data can be collected?

  Data can be qualitative or quantitative.
• What are the weaknesses of qualitative methods?

  • Difficult to analyze and generalize
  • Time-consuming and expensive
  • Findings may be influenced by researcher bias
• What are the strengths of quantitative methods?

  • Testing of hypotheses and cause-effect relationships
  • Results can be statistically analyzed
  • Efficient and cost-effective
  • Minimizes researcher bias
• What are the weaknesses of quantitative methods?

  • May not capture complexity of subjective phenomena
  • Limited by validity and reliability of measures
  • Lack of flexibility in data collection
• What is the difference between questionnaires and interviews?

  Questionnaires are standardized, while interviews allow open-ended responses.
• What is the role of observations in research?

  Observations involve watching and recording behavior in a natural or controlled setting.
• What is the mixed methods approach?

  • Combines qualitative and quantitative methods
  • Provides comprehensive understanding of phenomena
  • Allows triangulation of findings
• What is one benefit of the mixed methods approach?

  It provides a more comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon.
• How does the mixed methods approach improve validity?

  By using multiple methods to measure the same construct.
• What is a challenge associated with the mixed methods approach?

  The need for specialized training and expertise.
• What are the types of data in the UK mentioned?

  • Qualitative data
  • Quantitative data
  • Official statistics
  • Non-official statistics
• What methods can be used to collect qualitative data?

  Interviews, focus groups, and ethnographic observation.
• What is quantitative data useful for?

  Measuring prevalence and distribution of social phenomena.
• What are non-official statistics?

  Statistics collected by organizations or individuals outside of government agencies.
• What are primary sources of data?

  Original sources of information collected by the researcher.
• What are secondary sources of data?

  Sources of information that have already been collected and published by someone else.
• Why is time a practical issue in sociological research?

  Researchers need enough time to design, conduct, and analyze studies.
• How can cost affect sociological research?

  Cost can limit the size of the sample and complexity of the research design.
• What should researchers do to prevent harm to participants?

  Identify potential harms and provide support services.
• Why is ongoing monitoring important in research?

  To ensure that ethical considerations are met throughout the research process.
• How are state schools funded in the UK?

  By the government
• What is a characteristic of private schools in the UK?

  They are not funded by the government and are typically more expensive
• What is homeschooling?

  Education at home typically by a parent or tutor
• What is deschooling?

  A philosophy that emphasizes self-directed learning and rejects traditional schooling
• What are the advantages of homeschooling?

  More personalized education and flexibility