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Biology
Respiration
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Cards (26)
What is aerobic respiration?
Requires
oxygen
and produces carbon dioxide, water, and
ATP
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What is anaerobic respiration?
Takes place without oxygen and produces
lactic acid
in animals or
ethanol
and carbon dioxide in plants
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What is the first stage of respiration?
Glycolysis
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Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
of the cell
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What is the first step of glycolysis?
Phosphorylation
of glucose to
glucose phosphate
by the hydrolysis of 2
ATP
molecules
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What is the second stage of glycolysis?
Glucose phosphate
is hydrolysed to 2 molecules of
triose phosphate
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What is the third stage of glycolysis?
Triose phosphate
is oxidised to 2
pyruvate,
2
NAD
are reduced, and 4
ATP
are regenerated
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What are the products of glycolysis and where do they go next?
2 x
pyruvate
goes to the
link reaction
, 2 x ATP is a useful product, and 2 x reduced
NAD
goes to
oxidative phosphorylation
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Why does glycolysis take place in the cytoplasm and why is it anaerobic?
It occurs in the cytoplasm because
enzymes
required are found there, and it is anaerobic as it does not require oxygen
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What is the next step of aerobic respiration after glycolysis?
Link reaction
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Where does the link reaction take place?
Matrix of
mitochondria
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What happens to the pyruvate during the link reaction?
Pyruvate is
oxidised
to
acetate
, loses a carbon to
carbon dioxide
, and two hydrogens are accepted by
NAD
to form reduced NAD
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What is the last step of the link reaction?
Acetate combines with coenzyme A to produce
acetylcoenzyme A
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What is the next step of aerobic respiration after the link reaction?
Krebs cycle
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Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Matrix of
mitochondria
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What happens to the acetylcoenzyme A in the Krebs cycle?
It reacts with a
4
carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) to produce a
6
carbon molecule (citrate), releasing coenzyme A
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What happens to the 6 carbon molecule in the Krebs cycle?
It loses 2x
carbon dioxide
to give a 4 carbon molecule,
FAD
and
NAD
are reduced, and a single
ATP
is produced
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What are the two ways of making ATP?
Substrate level phosphorylation
and
oxidative phosphorylation
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
Cristae
of
mitochondria
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Where do protons come from in oxidative phosphorylation?
From the oxidation of
reduced NAD
and
reduced FAD
, where
hydrogen ions
are released
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How is energy released for chemiosmosis?
Electrons pass along an
electron transfer chain
through a series of
redox reactions
, releasing energy
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What happens during chemiosmosis?
Protons are pumped from the matrix into the inner membrane space, building up an
electrochemical
gradient
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What happens at the end of the electron transport chain?
Electrons combine with
protons
and
oxygen
to form water
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Why is oxygen needed in oxidative phosphorylation?
It’s the
final
electron acceptor for the
electron transport chain
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What is the first stage of anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis
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What happens after glycolysis if no oxygen is present?
Pyruvate
is converted into
lactic acid
in animals or
ethanol
and
carbon dioxide
in plants, and reduced
NAD
is oxidised to NAD
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