Osborne

• Synthetic Personalisation

  Addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals through inclusive language
• Mode continuum: written or spoken
• Mode continuum: planned or unplanned
• Mode continuum: distant or close
• Mode continuum: delayed or immediate
• Mode continuum: standard or non standard
• Mode continuum: formal or informal
• Mode continuum: transactional vs interactional
• Mode continuum: permanent vs ephemeral
• Register 


  Name given to a variety of language used in particular situations of use e.g between 2 friends or between teachers and students. Can be formal or informal
• Formal register is things such as speeches sermons and announcements
• Consultative register is exactly e.g teacher and student and superior and subordi
• Casual register between peers and friends includes gulgarities, slang
• Intimate register e.g romantic , siblings, parents, children- private and reserved
• Also you can have simplified register such as when speaking to children
• Graphology 


  Study of written and printed symbols and of writing systems
• Iconic sign


  Direct picture of what it represnts
• Symbolic sign


  A sign/image with an Associated meaning drawn from shared degree of knowledge
• Intertextuality 


  One text referencing/ quoting or alluding to another text OR shaping of a texts meaning through another text
• Proper Nouns 


  Calitalised and refer to specific people or places
• Common Nouns

  Less specific and refer to types of people places and feelings e.g city man planet excitement
• Concrete Nouns (common)


  Things that physically exist (we see and feel)
• Abstract Nouns (common)


  Don't physically exist such as feelings ideas and qualities
• Collective Nouns (common)


  Refer to groups of people, animals or objects e.g team, flock, family
• Adjectives modify Nouns
• Adjectives are describing/modifying words
• Comparative adjectives e.g bigger
• Superlative adjectives determine the highest or lowest e.g greatest or worst
• Attributive adjectives - before a Noun e.g large balloon
• Adjectives after a copular verb - predicative e.g balloon is large
• Modal auxiliary verbs are only used with a main verb e.g can could will would shall should may might must ought

  They alter tone of sentences and make them sound more polite. Can be imperative
• Adverbs modify a verb - time place manner frequency and degree
• Dynamic verbs - physical actions
• Stative verbs - states and conditions
• Verbs can be in active or passive voice
• Active voice verb 


  Subject + verb + object. The thing performing the action is emphasised as the subject of the verb e.g the minister has issued an apology
• Passive Voice 


  Emphasis shifts to object - an apology has been issued (object + verb)