EQ2

• What is the global shift?


  The international relocation of different types of industrial activity, especially manufacutring from Europe and North America to Asia
• What is the global shift due to?


  Off-shoring, outsourcing and new start-up businesses in the emerging economies
• What are some social impacts of the global shift?

  ✅Improved education in Asia

  High school achievements in Hong Kong and Singapore envied

  A new middle class

  
  

  ❌Low wages driven by TNCs outsourcing to Asian nations

  No unions for workers and limited employment rights

  Long hours and working week
• What are some cultural impacts of the global shift?

  ✅ mass migration-> mix of cultures (hybrid)

  ❌ western influence changes behaviours of younger generation-> clash of cultures as traditions lost

  ❌ global products favoured over local ones
• What are the economic impacts of the global shift?


  ✅ 1b ppl escaped poverty, workers money spent in local area (boosts local economy)

  ✅ more workers can afford to send their children to school
• What are some environmental impacts of the global shift?

  ❌ accelerated environmental decline-> damage ecosystems

  ❌ increase in airmails (CO2 emissions)

  ❌ Forested land decreased due to urbanisation
• What is rural-urban migration?


  People moving from the countryside to cites
• What is a megacity?


  Urban area with a population of over 10 Million people
• What is natural increase?


  When the birth rate is greater than the death rate
• What are the causes of rural-urban migration: rural push?


  Poverty- not enough jobs due to a growing population

  Agricultural modernisation- reduced need for rural labour

  Resource scarcity

  Land reforms (unable to prove they own land), subsistence farmers must relocate to make room for TNCs/cash crops
• What are the causes of rural-urban migration: urban pull?


  -Better and more employment

  -FDI provides work opportunities with companies and their supply chain

  -Better education and healthcare
• What are the causes of rural urban migration: shrinking world technology?


  -Rural dwelling gaining knowledge about outside world + opportunities

  -Transport improvements have removed obstacles to migration

  - satellite, TV and radio switched on ppl in remote, rural and impoverished areas

  Successful migrants communicate useful info to potential migrants
• Give the 3 general causes of rural-urban migration.

  Rural-push

  Urban-pull

  Shrinking world technology
• Why does India appeal to TNCs?


  End to end customer lifecycle

  Strong education system

  English is the main professional language

  Favourable climate

  SEZs ad reduced tariffs

  Many skilled workers
• Outsourcing to India- Booming Bangalore- positives of outsourcing?


  -reduced costs

  -technology makes world 'flat' (free flow of ideas)

  -Increase quality of life (e.g washing machines)

  -improved education for children and equality and education for women

  -higher salaries and better housing
• Outsourcing to India- negatives- Booming Bangalore


  -Traffic congestion- air quality one of worst in India

  -More electricity and water usage-> increase waste

  - low taxes-> less money for gov to spend on development

  -urban sprawl

  -changing cultures and norms

  -water inequality (poor-standpipe per 1000 ppl in for 4 hrs a day )

  -lakes have been filled for houses and IT firms (17 remain from 100)
• How has Outsourcing to China had impacts?


  ✅ Global shift of manufacturing helped reduce poverty

  ✅ Workers walking off production lines led to increased wages and disposable income

  ✅ Larger incomes and better technology

  ✅ hi-tech manufacturing bringing higher pay for workers

  ✅ improved working conditions

  ✅ planning by chinas gov help it move up manufacturing value chain

  ❌ workers exploited and air pollution cities reduces life expectancy by 5 years
• What are the impacts of international migration on the host location?


  ✅ -Receives skilled foreign workers+ fills skills shortages in key areas

  -Can sustain a growing leisure sector and the lifestyle of its middle class (e.g gaining workers for restaurants, hotels/ in child care and cleaning)

  -Balance an aging population with young adults

  ❌ pressure on housing, healthcare and education
• What are the impacts of international migration on the source location?


  ✅ reduced unemployment as ppl emigrate to find jobs elsewhere

  ❌ Loses its most skilled and dynamic workers

  ✅ Earns remittence payment- sent home by overseas migrants

  ✅ increase employment as remittances payments used to build homes/ invest in local businesses

  ❌ unbalanced population- young ppl migrate
• What impressive infrastructure does China have?

  Shanghai maglev (magnetic levitation train) is worlds fastest commercial service

  Longest highway network in world

  Longest high speed rail system in world
• Why has the global shift in CHINA reduced poverty?


  Free and compulsory education-> increased skills and skilled employment more accessible-> increased income

  
  

  Over 300m ppl now middle class
• How has education and training improved in China?


  Free and compulsory (ages 6-15)

  94% Chinese ppl now literate at age of 15 (vs 20% in 1950)

  Increased number of ppl graduating from uni

  Create a SKILLED WORKFORCE for Chinese economy expanding knowledge and service sectors
• How have urban income changed in China since 2000?


  Increased sharply (driven by economic growth and slower population growth)

  Higher than in countryside (growing rural-urban divide in disposable income)
• China has lots of coal, oil and key metals, but they can't keep up with the demand, as a result how are they affecting other parts of the world?


  Chinese gov sought additional resources from Africa and Latin America

  Areas such as Amazon rainforest have been cleared and converted to things like soy fields for Chinas consumption-accelerating land degradation in other countries
• What evidence do the WWF give about the loss of biodiversity in China?


  Main cause is habitat loss and degradation of natural environments
• Give some push factors of rural-urban migration?

  Poverty

  Conflict

  Natural disasters

  Crop failure

  land subsidisation
• What are some pull factors of rural-urban migration?


  Jobs

  Healthcare

  Safety (international migration)

  Housing

  Education
• What are elite migrants?


  Affluent individuals whose investment is sought by countries through tax breaks and other inducements

  Or they may be highly skilled or influential people within industries or TNCs- they face few barriers as their immigration is seen to be beneficial to economic growth
• What is cultural diffusion? what does it occur as a result of?


  The spread of culture across the world with particular focus on an increasingly 'westernised' global culture which impacts the environment and people

  
  

  occurs as a result of GLOBALISATION (TNCs, global media corporations, tourism, migration)
• What is accelerating the rate of cultural change?

  Globalisation
• What are some cultural traits?

  Religion

  Food

  Clothing

  Traditions

  Language
• What is cultural erosion?


  The loss of traditions, language, dress and other cultural traits from a nation when foreign traits are adopted
• What are some types of international migrants?

  Elite international, low-wage international, internal rural-urban
• What does globalisation result in? How is culture impacted?


  Movement of people and a transfer of ideas and cultures

  Creates different types of migrants and different ways ppl are impacted upon
• Globish


  A simplified version of English used by non-native speakers across the globe
• What are cultural traits?


  Broken down in individual components such as the clothes people wear or language, each component is a trait
• What is cultural imperialism?


  Promoting the culture/language of one nation to another, usually former large economic and military powers to smaller, less-affluent places
• Global culture has improved global _____ of marginalised groups such as_____.


  ACCEPTABILITY, women in LICs, disabled people and LGBTQ+ community
• Give an example of marginalised, vulnerable groups that have benefitted from cultural diffusion and global culture?


  Paralympian's with the Paralympic games- celebrate achievements and increased equality
• Using changing Asian diets as an example, describe how local cultures have been affected by cultural diffusion?


  -Traditional Asian diets are high in veg and low in meat

  -This is being replaced by meat and fast food among emerging middle classes

  -1990s, Chinas annual meat consumption increased tenfold (5-50 Kg) and has become worlds biggest market for processed food

  -livestock farming is the new focus of agriculture (inc emissions)

  -crops imported to feed farms, rainforest clearing to make space for soya cultivation to feed Chinese cattle