chemistry intermolecular forces

    Cards (28)

    • What are intermolecular forces?
      Attractive forces that exist between molecules
    • How do intermolecular forces compare to covalent bonds?
      Intermolecular forces are much weaker than covalent bonds
    • What are the three main types of intermolecular forces?
      • Induced dipole-dipole forces (London dispersion forces)
      • Permanent dipole-dipole forces
      • Hydrogen bonding
    • In what order are the three types of intermolecular forces listed based on their strength?
      Induced dipole-dipole forces, Permanent dipole-dipole forces, Hydrogen bonding
    • What is the strength of induced dipole-dipole forces?
      Weak
    • Where are induced dipole-dipole forces found?
      In all molecules and noble gases
    • What causes induced dipole-dipole forces to arise?
      Temporary fluctuations in the electron distribution around atoms
    • How do larger atoms and molecules affect induced dipole-dipole forces?
      Larger atoms and molecules have stronger induced dipole-dipole forces due to more electrons
    • How does surface area influence induced dipole-dipole forces?
      Molecules with larger surface areas have stronger induced dipole-dipole forces
    • What trend is observed in the boiling points of group 4 hydrides?
      Boiling points increase down the group
    • What is the relationship between molecular size and boiling points in group 4 hydrides?
      • Larger molecular size leads to more electrons
      • Increased electron density creates stronger induced dipole-dipole forces
      • Resulting in higher boiling points
    • What holds molecules together in a molecular lattice structure?
      Induced dipole-dipole forces
    • Why do noble gases condense into liquid and solid states at low temperatures?
      Weak induced dipole-dipole forces allow them to condense
    • What causes permanent dipole-dipole forces in polar molecules?
      Unequal sharing of electrons in covalent bonds
    • How do permanent dipole-dipole forces arise?
      Electrostatic attractions between the partial positive and negative ends of polar molecules
    • In hydrogen chloride (HCl), what causes the polar nature of the bond?
      The greater electronegativity of chlorine compared to hydrogen
    • How do polar molecules experience both permanent and induced dipole-dipole forces?
      They have permanent dipoles and also experience induced dipole-dipole forces
    • Why does methanal (CH2O) have a higher boiling point than ethane (C2H6)?
      Methanal has stronger intermolecular forces due to its polarity
    • What is the strongest type of intermolecular force?
      Hydrogen bonding
    • What are the requirements for hydrogen bonding to occur?
      Hydrogen must be bonded to F, O, or N, and there must be a lone pair on the adjacent atom
    • How do hydrogen bonds form between molecules?
      Attraction between the positively charged hydrogen and the negatively charged lone pair on F, O, or N
    • What are the effects of hydrogen bonding on the properties of substances?
      • Greater solubility in water
      • Higher melting and boiling points compared to similar-sized molecules without hydrogen bonding
    • Why does water (H2O) have a higher boiling point than other group 6 hydrides?
      Water can form hydrogen bonds, requiring more energy to overcome
    • How does hydrogen bonding affect the density of ice compared to water?
      Ice is less dense than water due to the arrangement of molecules in a lattice structure
    • What is the impact of intermolecular forces on the melting and boiling points of substances?
      Stronger intermolecular forces lead to higher melting and boiling points
    • How do intermolecular forces influence the solubility of substances in water?
      • Polar molecules that can hydrogen bond are soluble
      • Non-polar molecules with only induced dipole-dipole forces are typically insoluble
    • Do covalent compounds conduct electricity?
      No, covalent compounds do not conduct electricity
    • Why do polar molecules not conduct electricity?
      They are electrically neutral overall and do not carry charge
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