challenges to economic world

• development


  how far a country has grown economically, technologically and the typical quality of life
• quality of life - physical

  • diet/nutrition
  • water supply
  • climate
  • environmental quality/hazards
• quality of life - psychological

  • happiness
  • security
  • freedom
• quality of life - social

  • family/friends
  • education
  • health
• quality of life - economic

  • income
  • job security
  • standard of living
• Development on a map


  Brandt line - divides the world up based on development

  above the Brandt line = HIC

  below the Brandt line = LIC/NEE

  A) LIC/NEE

  B) HIC

  
• how can development be measured: economic

  • GNI - gross national income
  • types of industry
• how can development be measured: social

  • literacy
  • access to safe water
  • people per doctor
  • infant mortality rate
  • death rate
  • birth rate
  • HDI (human development index)
• economic development indicators - GNI


  GNI - Gross National Income

  measured in US dollars

  calculate by adding together;

  • total value of the goods and service produced by its population
  • income earned from investments that its people and businesses have made overseas
• limitations of GNI

  • doesn't tell us about the quality of health and education
  • data may be hard to collect due to conflict or disasters
  • data may not always be accurate: some people may lie about their earning
  • the rapid migration of people into cities make it hard to know how many people live in a place and what they earn
  • all GNI data is converted into US dollars but the value of currencies changes each day
  • errors and omissions can occur in calculations - not including certain aspects
• social development indicators - birth rate


  the number of babies being born per 1000 of the population per year

  a measure of health and wealth

  as a country develops, the birth rate goes down

  limitations - can be different in cities compared to countryside
• social development indicators - death rate


  the number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year

  a measure of health and quality of life

  as a country develops, the death rate goes down

  limitations - different for men and women, and different parts of the country
• social development indicators - infant mortality


  the number of babies who die under the age of 1 per 1000 of the babies born

  a measure of health of children

  as a country develops, the infant mortality rate goes down

  limitations - different in the city compared to countryside
• social development indicators - doctor to patient ratio


  the average number of people for each doctor

  a measure of healthcare, education and wealth

  as a country develops, the ratio goes down (the more doctors the better)

  limitations - population size varies between countries
• social development indicators - literacy rate


  the percentage of adults who can read and write

  a measure of education

  as a country develops, its literacy rates go up

  limitation - a poor country can still have high literacy rates
• social development indicators - access to safe drinking water


  the percentage of people who can get clean drinking water

  a measure of development and health

  as a country develops, its percentage goes up

  limitations - different in cities and rural areas
• social development indicators - life expectancy


  the average age a person can expect to live to

  a measure of health, education, development

  as a country develops, its expectancy goes up

  limitations - types of job, size of country, different in cites and countryside
• social development indicators - HDI


  human development index - a number between 0 and 1

  this is a number that is calculated using - life expectancy, literacy rate, educational levels (years of schooling) and income per head (GNI per capita)

  a measure of overall development

  as a country develops, its HDI goes up

  limitations - -
• Types of Industry

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quintenary
• Primary Industry


  extracting raw materials ( which are natural products) from the land or sea, eg fish, timber and oil

  examples - mining, fishing, forestry
• Secondary industry


  involves the manufacturing of raw materials, into another product by manual labour or machinery

  examples - car manufacturer
• Tertiary Industry


  provides a service to other people and industries

  examples - doctor, banks, dentist
• Quintenary industry


  involves the use of high-tech industry

  examples - research scientists
• how can we show how a country splits its industries

  a divided bar chart

  
• The Clarke-fisher model


  shows how industry has changed overtime (pre-industrial to now)

  • primary - declined rapidly starting around 70%, falling to around 10%
  • secondary - did rise however, have fallen, it started at 20%, rose to around 45%, then fell back down to around 30%
  • tertiary - have risen rapidly, starting at 10%, rising to around 55%. however it has recently started to slow down
  • quintenary - have only just appeared, they only have around 10%

  
• the Clarke-fisher model

  
• Demographic transition model

  • stage 1 - high birth/death rate - population change = low, example= Chad
  • stage 2 - high birth rate - rapid decrease in death rate - gradual increase in population - example = Kenya
  • stage 3 - rapid decrease in birth rate, slow decrease in death rate, rapid increase in population, example = Brazil
  • stage 4 - low birth/death rate, steady increase in population, example = USA
  • Stage 5 - slight increase in birth rate, increase in death rate, slight decrease in population, example = Germany
• demographic transition model


  1 - high birth rate, children needed for farming, high death rate due to lack of healthcare

  2 - high birth rare, lack of contraception, rapid decrease in death rate due to charities

  3 - rapid decrease in birth rate due to contraception (laws-china), death rate is a slow decrease due to healthcare increase

  4 - birth rate low but fluctuates career orientated people, death rate low but fluctuates- healthcare increase

  5 - birth rate projected to decrease, death rate projected to increae

  
• Population pyramid


  a graph that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population
• population pyramid

  A) birth rate/ infant mortality

  B) working age

  C) life expectancy

  D) death rate

  
• population graph LIC

  • stage 1
  • high birth rate - wide bottom
  • low life expectancy - skinny top half
  • low working age
• population graph HIC

  • stage 4
  • low birth rate - skinny bottom
  • increase in life expectancy - top half of the pyramid is wider
  • higher working age
• social problems caused by rapid population growth

  • pressure on healthcare
  • poverty
  • food scarcity/shortages
  • unemployment
  • traffic
  • water scarcity
  • house unavailable - homelessness
  • overwhelmed schools
• environmental problems caused by rapid population growth

  • pollution
  • more factories - land loss + pollution
  • land destruction - for more space
• economic problems caused by rapid population growth

  • poverty
  • not enough jobs
  • more factories - for more productivity
• political problems caused by rapid population growth

  • pressure on healthcare
  • higher crime rates
  • overwhelmed schools
  • high doctor to patient ratio
• social development


  standard of living, quality of life
• economic development 


  how wealthy, quality of jobs
• an issue with countries being labelled LIC or HIC is that there can be variation within the country
• development happens very quickly, so data can be outdated