Lipids

• What are the three general types of organic compounds that provide energy to individuals?

  Carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids
• What are lipids commonly referred to as?

  Fats
• What elements primarily compose lipids?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• What is the primary source of fuel provided by lipids?

  They serve as a primary source of fuel
• How do lipids contribute to cell membranes?

  They provide stability and allow for transmembrane transport
• What is required for lipids to circulate in the blood?

  They require a special transport mechanism
• What are the classes of lipids?

  • Fatty Acids
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Sphingolipids
  • Ketone Bodies
  • Cholesterol
• What is the role of fatty acids in lipids?

  They serve as metabolic fuel and building blocks of other lipids
• What is the function of triglycerides?

  They store fatty acids and transport metabolic intermediates
• What is the significance of phospholipids?

  They are crucial for membrane structure and signal transduction
• What is the role of sphingolipids?

  They contribute to membrane structure
• What are ketone bodies used for?

  They serve as metabolic fuel
• What is cholesterol's role in the body?

  It is a membrane component and precursor for bile acids and steroid hormones
• What is the composition of triglycerides?

  They consist of triple esters formed between glycerol and fatty acids
• What percentage of stored body fat do triglycerides constitute?

  They constitute 95% of all stored fat
• What is the second most abundant lipid?

  Cholesterol
• Where is cholesterol synthesized?

  In the liver
• What is the role of estrogen in cholesterol transport?

  It promotes transport and excretion
• What are the five major classes of steroid hormones derived from cholesterol?

  Androgen, estrogen, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, progestin
• What types of lipoproteins can cholesterol be found in?

  HDL or LDL
• What is HDL commonly referred to as?

  The good cholesterol
• What is LDL commonly referred to as?

  The bad cholesterol
• What is the major component of HDL?

  Apo A
• What is the role of apolipoproteins?

  They regulate plasma lipid metabolism and help keep lipids in solution
• What are the types of apolipoproteins?

  • Apo A
  • Apo B
  • Apo C
  • Apo D
  • Apo E
• What is the function of Apo A-I?

  It is a major activator of LCAT
• What is the role of Apo B-100?

  It binds to LDL cell receptors
• What is the function of Apo C-II?

  It is a potent activator of lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
• What is the primary purpose of lipoproteins?

  To transport cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids in the blood
• What is the size range of lipoproteins?

  10-1200 nm
• What components are found in the core of lipoproteins?

  Triglycerides and cholesteryl esters
• How does the size of lipoproteins correlate with lipid content?

  Larger lipoproteins have higher triglyceride and cholesteryl ester content
• What are the functions of apolipoproteins?

  They maintain structural integrity and act as ligands for cell receptors
• What are the major types of lipoproteins?

  1. Chylomicrons
  2. VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein)
  3. LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)
  4. HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)
• What are chylomicrons known for?

  They are the largest and least dense lipoprotein particles
• What is the primary function of chylomicrons?

  To carry dietary triglycerides to the liver, muscles, and fat tissues
• What indicates the presence of chylomicrons in a fasting serum specimen?

  A creamy layer rising to the top
• How long should chylomicrons be cleared from the bloodstream?

  Within 6-9 hours
• What is the major carrier of endogenous triglycerides?

  Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
• What is the size range of VLDL?

  40-80 nm