MSM (Multi-store model of memory)

• Who created the model?

  Atkinson and Shriffrin (1968).
• What does duration mean?


  Term used to define the length of each memory.
• What does encoding mean?


  Formal of incoming info linked to different kinds of memory.
• What does capacity mean?


  The storage.
• What does decay mean?


  When you forget.
• What is the 1st stage of the model?


  Sensory Register (SR).
• What os the duration of the SR?


  0.5 seconds.
• What is the encoding of the SR?

  • Iconic (Visual)
  • Echoic (Auditory)
• What is the capacity of the SR?


  Unlimited.
• What study supports the duration of SR/SS?


  Walsh & Thompson (1978).
• What study supports the encoding of the SR/SS?


  None.
• What study supports the capacity of the SR/SS?

  Sperling (1960).
• What is the 2nd stage of the model?


  Short-Term Memory (STM).
• What is the duration of STM?


  18-30 seconds.
• What is the encoding of STM?


  Acoustic.
• What is the capacity of STM?


  Limited 5-9 items (7+1-2) - Millers magic number 7.
• STM Research Evidence:


  If we don't rehearse it, it will be displaced.
• What study supports the duration of STM?


  Peterson & Peterson (1959).
• What study supports encoding of STM?


  Baddeley (1966).
• What study supports the capacity of STM?


  Jacobs (1887).
• What is the 3rd stage of the model?

  Long-Term Memory (LTM).
• What is the duration of LTM?


  Potentially permanent.
• What is the encoding of LTM?


  Semantic (Has meanings).
• What is the capacity of LTM?


  Unlimited.
• LTM Research Evidence:


  Semantically - remember by meaning, rather than by sound etc.
• What study supports the duration of LTM?

  Bahrick et al (1975).
• What study supports the encoding of LTM?

  Baddeley (1966).
• What study supports the capacity of LTM?


  Wagenaar (1986).
• Types of LTM:

  • Procedural
  • Semantic
  • Episodic
• What is procedural memory?


  Responsible for motor skills. Does not involve conscious thought (its unconscious - automatic) and is non-declarative. 'Knowing how'.
• Some procedural memories:

  Actions, skills (riding a bike, driving a car).

  They are hard to explain.
• What are semantic memories?

  Factual information. Can be thought of as our dictionary of knowledge. Could include meanings of words, general knowledge (London is capital of England) Involves conscious thought and is declarative. 'Knowing that'
• Some semantic memories:


  Common knowledge, facts.

  Capital of a country, alphabet.
• What is episodic memory?


  Storing information about events (episodes) that we have experienced in our lives and revolves around events in time and place. These are time-stamped events. Does not involve conscious thought and is declarative. They are recalled from prefrontal cortex.
• Important 'time-stamped events':


  First day of school.

  First day of work.

  Personal things.