Cardiovascular system

• What are the three main parts of the cardiovascular system?

  The heart, the blood vessels, and the blood
• What is the approximate size and location of the heart?

  • Size: Approximately the size of a clenched fist
  • Location: Middle of the chest, slightly towards the left
• How is the heart divided?

  The heart is divided into two halves: the right-hand side and the left-hand side
• What is the function of the right-hand side of the heart?

  It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• What is the function of the left-hand side of the heart?

  It pumps oxygenated blood around the body
• What are the two connected chambers of each side of the heart?

  • Atrium: Where blood collects when it enters the heart
  • Ventricle: Pumps blood out of the heart to the lungs or around the body
• What separates the right-hand and left-hand sides of the heart?

  The septum
• What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

  It separates the right atrium and right ventricle and prevents backflow of blood
• How does the tricuspid valve open?

  It opens due to a build-up of pressure in the right atrium
• What is the function of the bicuspid valve?

  It prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium
• How does the bicuspid valve open?

  It opens due to a build-up of pressure in the left atrium
• What is the role of the semilunar valves?

  They stop the backflow of blood into the heart
• Where are the semilunar valves located?

  Where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and where the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle
• What are the four main blood vessels associated with the heart?

  • Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to the body
  • Vena cava: Carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart
  • Pulmonary artery: Carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle to the lungs
  • Pulmonary vein: Returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
• What type of blood do arteries generally carry?

  Oxygenated blood away from the heart
• What is the main artery in the body?

  The aorta
• What is the main vein in the body?

  The vena cava
• What is the exception regarding arteries and the type of blood they carry?

  • Arteries generally carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
  • Exception: The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle to the lungs
• What is the exception regarding veins and the type of blood they carry?

  • Veins generally carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
  • Exception: The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
• Structure of the heart

  
• Structure of the vessels

  
• What are the three main parts of the cardiovascular system?

  The heart, the blood vessels, and the blood
• What are the four main functions of the cardiovascular system?

  • Transport and deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones
  • Remove waste products like carbon dioxide and lactic acid
  • Protection against disease and infection
  • Maintain body temperature
• What happens to blood vessels in the heat?

  They enlarge in a process called vasodilation
• What is the effect of vasodilation on heat loss?

  It increases heat loss by radiation
• What occurs to blood vessels in the cold?

  They constrict in a process called vasoconstriction
• What is blood pressure created by?

  It is created when the heart contracts and pushes blood into blood vessels
• What are the two values in a blood pressure reading?

  Systolic value and diastolic value
• What is the average blood pressure for an adult?

  120/80 mmHg
• What determines blood pressure?

  Cardiac output (Q) and resistance to blood flow (R)
• What condition increases resistance to blood flow?

  Atherosclerosis
• What are the serious health implications of increased blood pressure due to atherosclerosis?

  Chronic high blood pressure, angina, heart attack, or stroke
• What is the primary function of the heart?

  To pump blood and circulate it around the body
• How is the heart's performance assessed?

  By measuring how much blood it pumps out each minute, known as cardiac output
• What is cardiac output?

  The amount of blood pumped from the heart every minute
• How is cardiac output calculated?

  By multiplying heart rate (HR) by stroke volume (SV)
• What is the average heart rate?

  72 beats per minute
• What is the average stroke volume?

  0.07 litres
• What is the formula for cardiac output?

  Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

  Q = SV x HR
• What is the cardiac output when stroke volume is $0.07 \text{ litres}$ and heart rate is $70 \text{ beats per minute}$?


  $4.9 \text{ litres per minute} =$$0.07 \text{ litres} \times 70 \text{ beats per minute}$