Reversible reactions, industrial processes....

• What is a reversible reaction?

  Products can react to form original reactants
• What happens at equilibrium in a reversible reaction?

  Concentrations of reactants and products do not change
• What is ammonia used for?

  It is widely used in fertilizers
• What process is used to manufacture ammonia?

  The Haber process
• What distinguishes reversible reactions from irreversible reactions?

  • Reversible reactions can form original reactants from products.
  • Irreversible reactions go to completion and cannot be reversed easily.
• How are chemical equations for reversible reactions written?

  Using two arrows (⇌) instead of one
• What is the reversible reaction for ammonium chloride?

  NH₄Cl(s) ⇌ NH₃(g) + HCl(g)
• What does the equation for anhydrous copper(II) sulfate and water represent?

  It shows a reversible reaction with hydration
• What color does anhydrous copper(II) sulfate turn when hydrated?

  It turns blue
• What is required to remove water from hydrated copper(II) sulfate?

  Heat is required for the process
• What type of process is the addition of water to anhydrous copper(II) sulfate?

  It is an exothermic process
• How does the energy absorbed in the forward process compare to the reverse process in reversible reactions?

  They are equal in amount
• What is a test for water using anhydrous copper(II) sulfate?

  The white solid turns blue in water's presence
• What color change occurs with anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride when hydrated?

  It turns from blue to pink
• What happens when pink hydrated cobalt(II) chloride is heated?

  It turns blue when heated
• What is ammonia's chemical formula?

  NH₃
• What is ammonia primarily used for?

  Manufacturing fertilizers
• How is ammonia related to nitric acid?

  Some ammonia is converted into nitric acid
• Why is ammonia important for plants?

  It makes nitrogen available for protein synthesis
• How do plants absorb nitrogen?

  Through nitrogen compounds dissolved in water
• What happens without synthetic ammonia-based fertilizers?

  The world couldn't grow enough food
• What color does damp red litmus paper turn in the presence of ammonia?


  Blue
• How can ammonium ions be identified?

  By heating with sodium hydroxide
• What is the ionic equation for the reaction of ammonium ions with sodium hydroxide?

  NH₄⁺ + OH^- → NH₃ + H₂O
• What is produced when ammonium ions react with sodium hydroxide?

  Ammonia gas
• What is the state of ammonia gas?

  It is a gas
• How can ammonia gas be tested?

  By using damp red litmus paper
• What are the uses of ammonia?

  • Fertilizers
  • Nitric acid production
  • Cleaning fluids
• What are the key characteristics of reversible reactions?

  • Products can revert to reactants
  • Equilibrium: concentrations remain constant
• What is the Haber process used for?

  Manufacturing ammonia
• What happens in a reversible reaction?

  Products can react to form original reactants
• What occurs at equilibrium in a reversible reaction?

  Concentrations of reactants and products remain constant
• What are the raw materials for the Haber process?

  Hydrogen and nitrogen
• How is hydrogen obtained for the Haber process?

  By reacting natural gas with steam
• What is the chemical equation for the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen in the Haber process?

  N$_2$ + 3H$_2$ ⇌ 2NH$_3$
• What conditions are required for the Haber process?

  High temperature, high pressure, and iron catalyst
• What is the temperature range used in the Haber process?

  350°C to 450°C
• What is the pressure range used in the Haber process?

  150 to 200 atmospheres
• What role does the iron catalyst play in the Haber process?

  It speeds up the reaction without being consumed
• What happens to unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen in the Haber process?

  They are recycled back into the reactor