Bonding

• What type of compound is formed when a metal element reacts with a non-metal element?

  An ionic compound
• What type of bond is formed when a non-metal element reacts with another non-metal element?

  A covalent bond
• What happens during ionic bonding between metals and non-metals?

  • Electrons are transferred from metal atoms to non-metal atoms
  • Metal atoms become positive ions
  • Non-metal atoms become negative ions
  • Resulting compound is called an ionic compound
• What is the reaction equation for sodium and chlorine?

  sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride
• What is the reaction equation for magnesium and oxygen?

  magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
• What is the reaction equation for calcium and chlorine?

  calcium + chlorine → calcium chloride
• What is the reaction equation for lithium and oxygen?

  lithium + oxygen → lithium oxide
• What is the result of the transfer of electrons in ionic bonding?

  Metal atoms become positive ions and non-metal atoms become negative ions
• What is the nature of the force that holds oppositely charged ions together in ionic bonding?

  It is called an ionic bond
• What are the key characteristics of ionic compounds?

  • Formed from the transfer of electrons
  • Composed of positive and negative ions
  • Strong electrostatic forces of attraction
  • High melting and boiling points
• What is the charge of subatomic particles that are transferred during ionic bonding?

  Electrons have a negative charge
• What is the significance of the electrostatic force in ionic bonding?

  It holds the oppositely charged ions together
• What are the examples of reactions that form ionic compounds?

  • Sodium + Chlorine → Sodium Chloride
  • Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide
  • Calcium + Chlorine → Calcium Chloride
  • Lithium + Oxygen → Lithium Oxide
• This is ionic bonding

  The sodium has shared it's outer electron and both chloride and sodium have full outer shells.

  
• What type of compound is formed when a metal element reacts with a non-metal element?

  An ionic compound
• What type of bond is formed when a non-metal element reacts with another non-metal element?

  A covalent bond
• What is a covalent bond and how is it formed?

  • A covalent bond forms when two non-metal atoms share a pair of electrons.
  • The electrons involved are in the outer shells of the atoms.
• What is the significance of an atom completing its outer shell?

  It leads to the stability of the atom.
• What is the charge and mass relative to protons and neutrons of an electron?

  It has a negative charge and negligible mass.
• Why do substances with covalent bonds often have low melting and boiling points?

  Because they have weak intermolecular forces between the molecules.
• How do covalent bonds differ from ionic bonds in terms of energy required to break them?

  Covalent bonds require a lot of energy to break, while ionic bonds require less energy.
• What happens to the electrons in a covalent bond between hydrogen and chlorine?

  • A hydrogen atom shares one electron with a chlorine atom.
  • This forms hydrogen chloride and stabilizes both atoms.
• How many electrons does a hydrogen atom have?

  One electron
• How many electrons does a chlorine atom have?

  Seventeen electrons
• What is the result of a chlorine atom bonding with a hydrogen atom?

  The chlorine atom becomes stable with eight electrons in its outer shell.
• What is the stability condition for an atom?

  An atom is stable if its outer shell contains its maximum number of electrons.
• How do covalent bonds relate to the stability of atoms?

  Covalent bonds allow atoms to share electrons, achieving stability in their outer shells.
• How many covalent bonds can atoms of different elements form?

  • Atoms can form one, two, three, or four covalent bonds.
  • The number of bonds is determined by the group number of the element.
• What is the formula to determine the number of covalent bonds an element will form?

  The number of covalent bonds is equal to eight minus the group number.
• How many covalent bonds does carbon form?

  • Carbon forms four covalent bonds.
  • Calculation: \(8 - 4 = 4\)
• How many covalent bonds does nitrogen form?

  • Nitrogen forms three covalent bonds.
  • Calculation: \(8 - 5 = 3\)
• How many covalent bonds does oxygen form?

  • Oxygen forms two covalent bonds.
  • Calculation: \(8 - 6 = 2\)
• How many covalent bonds does chlorine form?

  • Chlorine forms one covalent bond.
  • Calculation: \(8 - 7 = 1\)
• How many covalent bonds does hydrogen form?

  Hydrogen forms one covalent bond.
• What type of compound is formed when a metal element reacts with a non-metal element?

  An ionic compound
• What type of bond is formed when a non-metal element reacts with another non-metal element?

  A covalent bond
• Do noble gases form covalent bonds?

  No, noble gases do not form any covalent bonds.
• What is a covalent bond and how is it formed?

  • A covalent bond forms when two non-metal atoms share a pair of electrons.
  • The electrons involved are in the outer shells of the atoms.
• What is the relationship between group number and covalent bonds?

  • The number of covalent bonds an element can form is determined by its group number.
  • Higher group numbers correspond to fewer covalent bonds.
• What are the components of an atom?

  An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.