Carbohydrate

• What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

  Monosaccharides are one sugar unit, disaccharides are two, and polysaccharides are many sugar units
• What are the three examples of monosaccharides you need to know?

  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
• What are the three examples of disaccharides you need to know?

  • Sucrose
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
• What are the three examples of polysaccharides you need to know?

  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
• What is the structure of alpha glucose?

  Hydrogen atom on top and hydroxyl group on the bottom at carbon one
• How does beta glucose differ from alpha glucose?

  The hydroxyl group is on top and the hydrogen atom is on the bottom at carbon one
• What type of bond forms between two monosaccharides to create a disaccharide?

  A glycosidic bond
• What is the word equation for maltose?

  Glucose + Glucose
• What is the word equation for sucrose?

  Glucose + Fructose
• What is the function of starch in plants?

  It serves as a store of glucose for chemical energy
• What is the function of cellulose in plants?

  It provides structural strength in the cell wall
• Where is glycogen primarily found in animals?

  Mainly in the liver and muscle cells
• What is the difference between starch and cellulose in terms of glucose isomers?

  Starch and glycogen are made from alpha glucose, while cellulose is made from beta glucose
• What type of glycosidic bonds do starch and glycogen have?

  Both have 1 to 4 and 1 to 6 glycosidic bonds
• What is the structure of amylose?

  An unbranched polymer that coils to form a helix
• What is the advantage of amylopectin's branched structure?

  It creates a larger surface area for enzyme attachment
• Why are polysaccharides insoluble?

  Because they are large and do not affect water potential
• What is the structure of cellulose?

  Long straight chains formed by 1 to 4 glycosidic bonds
• What provides strength to cellulose?

  Hydrogen bonds between parallel chains forming fibrils
• How does glycogen differ from starch in terms of structure?

  Glycogen has a higher proportion of 1 to 6 glycosidic bonds, making it more branched
• What is the biochemical test for starch?

  Add iodine; a positive result turns from orangey-brown to blue-black.
• What is the test for reducing sugars?

  Add Benedict's reagent and heat; a positive result shows a color change from blue to green, yellow, orange, or brick red.
• What is the procedure for testing non-reducing sugars?

  First test for reducing sugars; if negative, add acid, boil, cool, neutralize, then add Benedict's reagent.
• What color indicates a positive test for non-reducing sugars?

  Orange or brick red.