Research

• What is psychology?

  Psychology is the scientific study of how we think, feel, and act.
• What does psychology study?

  It studies behavior and mental processes, including thoughts, feelings, and motives.
• What distinguishes pop psychology from true psychology?

  • Pop psychology lacks scientific evidence.
  • True psychology is based on research and empirical evidence.
• What is a common myth in pop psychology regarding brain capacity?

  The myth is that the average person only uses 10 percent of their brain capacity.
• What is the role of psychiatrists in psychology?

  Psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in psychiatry and can prescribe medication.
• What are the main components of psychological research terminology?

  • Scientific methods
  • Variables
  • Hypothesis
  • Sample and population
  • Random sampling
  • Qualitative and quantitative data
  • Longitudinal and cross-sectional designs
  • Experimental and descriptive methods
• What ethical considerations must psychologists follow in research?

  Psychologists must ensure research merit, justice, beneficence, respect, and non-maleficence.
• What does "do no harm" mean in psychological research ethics?

  It means that the benefits of research must outweigh any potential harm to participants.
• What is informed consent in psychological research?

  Informed consent is a legal procedure ensuring participants are aware of risks and benefits before participating.
• What is confidentiality in psychological research?

  Confidentiality refers to a participant's right to privacy regarding their information.
• What rights do participants have in psychological research?

  Participants have rights to informed consent, confidentiality, voluntary participation, and withdrawal.
• What is deception in psychological research?

  Deception involves misleading participants about the research purpose or their status.
• What must researchers do if they use deception in their studies?

  Researchers must justify the use of deception and debrief participants afterward.
• Why are animals used in psychological research?

  Animals provide unbiased behavior observations and do not have participant expectations.
• What are the three Rs proposed by Russell and Birch for animal research?

  Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement.
• What are the ethical guidelines for using animals in research?

  • Use scientifically suitable species.
  • Avoid procedures causing harm.
  • Ensure proper care for captive animals.
  • Consider ethical implications of research.
• What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

  Qualitative data relates to descriptive results, while quantitative data relates to numerical results.
• What is a structured interview in qualitative research?

  A structured interview has pre-planned questions in a set order, primarily for quantitative data.
• What are the advantages of unstructured interviews?

  Unstructured interviews allow for flexibility and in-depth responses.
• What is the purpose of open-ended surveys?

  Open-ended surveys allow participants to provide their own answers rather than selecting from pre-set options.
• What is quantitative research?

  Quantitative research gathers quantifiable data and uses statistical techniques for analysis.
• What are objective physiological measures in research?

  Objective physiological measures include heart rate and breathing rate, providing specific numerical results.
• What is the difference between subjective and objective data?

  Objective data can be directly measured, while subjective data depends on the person recording it.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative data collection methods?

  Advantages:

  • Rich, descriptive data
  • Flexibility in responses

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Time-consuming
  • Potential for bias
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative data collection methods?

  Advantages:

  • Statistical analysis
  • Objective results

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • May overlook context
  • Limited depth of information
• What are the ethical principles summarized in psychological research?

  • Do no harm
  • Confidentiality
  • Voluntary participation
  • Informed consent
  • Withdrawal rights
  • Deception and debriefing
• What are objective physiological measures?

  They include heart rate, breathing rate, and galvanic skin response.
• What is a key advantage of objective physiological measures?

  They can be easily corroborated and are more reliable.
• What is a disadvantage of objective physiological measures?

  They could be invasive and cannot measure subjective experiences like taste or feelings.
• What do subjective measures use to generate numerical data?

  They use checklists and rating scales, like the Likert scale.
• What is an advantage of subjective measures?

  They allow for subjective information to be statistically analyzed and are non-intrusive.
• What is a disadvantage of subjective measures?

  They are less reliable than objective measures and harder to corroborate.
• How does objective data differ from subjective data?

  Objective data can be directly measured, while subjective data depends on the person recording it.
• What is mixed methods research?

  It combines both quantitative and qualitative research methods.
• What is an advantage of mixed methods research?

  It provides a flexible approach that gets the best of both quantitative and qualitative methods.
• What is a disadvantage of mixed methods research?

  It involves a higher workload and may produce potentially conflicting results.
• What are the benefits of qualitative and quantitative research?

  • Qualitative research helps develop new theories and questions.
  • Quantitative research provides specific answers and general conclusions.
• What is the purpose of surveys in research?

  Surveys depend on people responding to questions and using a large random sample.
• How can interviews be structured?

  Interviews can be unstructured with general questions or structured with fixed questions.
• What is a case study?

  A case study is an in-depth study of an individual, often unique in some way.