Glycolysis

• What is the first part of the respiration process?

  Glycolysis
• What type of monosaccharide is glucose?

  Hexose monosaccharide
• What is the role of coenzymes in biological processes?

  They are nonprotein helpers needed for transferring molecules.
• What is the specific coenzyme mentioned that transfers hydrogen atoms?

  NAD
• What happens to NAD when it becomes reduced?

  It accepts hydrogens and electrons.
• How should you write reduced NAD in an exam?

  As reduced NAD.
• What does it mean when NAD is oxidized?

  It releases hydrogens and electrons.
• What is the structure of a glucose molecule?

  It is a six-carbon molecule.
• Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

  In the cytoplasm.
• What is the process called when a phosphate is added to glucose?

  Phosphorylation.
• What is produced when glucose is phosphorylated?

  Hexose bisphosphate.
• What happens to hexose bisphosphate during glycolysis?

  It is split into two trios phosphates.
• What are the two products formed from the lysis of hexose bisphosphate?

  Two triose phosphates.
• What is the next step after forming trios phosphate in glycolysis?

  Convert trios phosphate into pyruvate.
• What is added to triose phosphate during its conversion to pyruvate?

  A free-floating phosphate.
• What occurs during the oxidation of triose phosphate?

  NAD is reduced by accepting hydrogens.
• What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

  Transfer of a phosphate to produce ATP without the electron transport chain.
• What are the outputs of glycolysis?

  Two pyruvate, two reduced NAD, and four ATP molecules.
• What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

  Two ATP molecules.
• What are the main steps of glycolysis?

  1. Glucose is phosphorylated to hexose bisphosphate.
  2. Hexose bisphosphate is split into two trios phosphates.
  3. Trios phosphates are converted to pyruvate through phosphorylation and oxidation.
  4. Substrate-level phosphorylation produces ATP.
• What is the relationship between oxidation and reduction in glycolysis?

  • Trios phosphate is oxidized.
  • NAD is reduced by accepting hydrogens.
  • This process involves a series of oxidation and reduction reactions.
• What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis?

  Inputs:

  • Glucose
  • 2 ATP

  
  

  Outputs:

  • 2 Pyruvate
  • 2 Reduced NAD
  • 4 ATP (net gain of 2 ATP)
• Which coenzyme acts as the hydrogen acceptor in glycolysis?

  NAD
• How many pyruvate molecules are produced from each glucose molecule in glycolysis?


  two
• What is the net yield of ATP from glycolysis?


  Two
• What is the term for the formation of ATP which does not involve the electron transport chain?


  Substrate-level phosphorylation.