Topic 2 – Bonding, Structure, and The Properties of Matter

• What are the three common states of matter?

  Solids, liquids, and gases
• How are particles arranged in solids, liquids, and gases?

  • Solids: Packed in a regular pattern with almost no spaces
  • Liquids: Close together with some spaces, can move
  • Gases: Widely spaced and move quickly and randomly
• Why are solids hard to compress?

  Because the particles are packed together in a regular pattern with almost no spaces
• What is the shape of solids?

  Solids have a fixed shape and cannot flow
• How do liquids differ from solids in terms of shape and flow?

  Liquids take the shape of their container and can flow from place to place
• Why are gases easy to compress?

  Because the particles in gases are widely spaced
• What happens to the particles in a gas when it fills its container?

  The particles spread out and fill the space of their container
• What is melting?

  Melting is the process of changing a solid into a liquid by adding energy
• What is the term for the temperature at which melting occurs?

  Melting point
• Why do particles in a liquid have more kinetic energy than those in a solid?

  Because the particles in a liquid can move around
• What happens to the forces of attraction between particles during melting?

  The forces of attraction are broken
• How does the strength of forces of attraction affect melting points?

  The stronger the forces of attraction, the higher the melting point
• What is an example of a solid with a high melting point?

  Sodium chloride
• What is freezing?

  Freezing is the process of converting a liquid back to a solid by removing energy
• When does freezing take place?

  When a liquid is cooled back down to its melting point
• What is boiling?

  Boiling is the process of converting a liquid into a gas by adding energy
• What is the temperature at which boiling occurs called?

  Boiling point
• What happens to the forces of attraction between particles during boiling?

  The forces of attraction must be broken
• What is condensing?

  Condensing is the process of converting a gas back to a liquid by removing energy
• When does condensing take place?

  At the same temperature as boiling
• What are the limitations of the simple particle model of solids, liquids, and gases?

  • Assumes all particles are solid spheres
  • Particles have different shapes
  • Assumes no forces between particles
  • Forces of attraction impact melting and boiling points
• How do forces of attraction affect the melting and boiling points of substances?

  Stronger forces of attraction require more energy to break, resulting in higher melting and boiling points
• What is the significance of a full outer energy level in noble gases?

  It is stable and unreactive
• Why do elements react ?

  To achieve a full outer energy level and a stable electronic structure
• Where are metals and non-metals located on the periodic table?

  Metals are on the left, non-metals are on the right
• What happens during ionic bonding between a metal and a non-metal?

  A metal loses electrons and a non-metal gains electrons
• What is the electron configuration of a lithium atom?

  It has 3 electrons: 2 in the first level and 1 in the outer level
• What happens to the charge of a lithium atom after it loses an electron?

  It becomes a lithium ion with a one positive charge
• What charge does a fluorine atom have after gaining an electron?

  It becomes a fluoride ion with a one negative charge
• What is the process of ionic bonding between lithium and fluorine?

  1. Lithium loses one electron.
  2. Fluorine gains that electron.
  3. Both achieve full outer energy levels.
  4. Lithium becomes a lithium ion (1+).
  5. Fluorine becomes a fluoride ion (1-).
• What is shown in a dot and cross diagram for ionic bonding?

  The outer energy levels of the atoms involved in the reaction
• In the reaction between sodium and chlorine, what happens to the electron?

  One electron passes from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom
• What do both sodium and chlorine achieve after the reaction?

  They both achieve a full outer energy level
• What happens during ionic bonding between a metal and a non-metal?

  A metal loses electrons and a non-metal gains electrons
• What is the process of ionic bonding between a group two metal and a group six non-metal?

  • Group two metal loses two electrons
  • Group six non-metal gains two electrons
  • Both achieve a full outer energy level
• What is an example of ionic bonding between a group two metal and a group six non-metal?

  The reaction between magnesium and oxygen
• What happens to the magnesium atom when it reacts with oxygen?

  It loses two electrons and becomes a magnesium ion with a two positive charge
• What is the charge of the oxide ion after the reaction with magnesium?

  It has an overall two negative charge
• What is the stable electronic structure achieved by both magnesium and oxide ions?

  • Full outer energy level
  • Stable electronic structure of a noble gas
• How can ionic bonding be represented visually?

  • Using Dot and Cross diagrams
  • Only outer energy levels are shown