topic 2 | bonding, structure, and the properties of matter

• What are compounds?

  Substances with 2 or more elements combined
• How many types of strong chemical bonds are there?

  Three types
• What are the three types of strong chemical bonds?

  Ionic, covalent, and metallic
• What are the particles in ionic bonds?

  Oppositely charged ions
• In what type of compounds do ionic bonds occur?

  Compounds formed from metals and non-metals
• What defines covalent bonding?

  Atoms share pairs of electrons
• Where does covalent bonding occur?

  In most non-metallic elements and compounds
• What is the nature of particles in metallic bonding?

  Atoms share delocalised electrons

  
• In which materials does metallic bonding occur?

  In metallic elements and alloys
• What happens to electrons in ionic bonding?

  Electrons are transferred from metal to non-metal
• What charge do metal atoms acquire in ionic bonding?

  Positively charged ions
• What charge do non-metal atoms acquire in ionic bonding?

  Negatively charged ions
• What is an ion?

  An atom that has lost or gained electrons
• Which groups of elements produce ions in ionic bonding?

  Groups 1, 2, 6, and 7
• What electronic structure do ions achieve in ionic bonding?

  Same as a noble gas
• How can electron transfer in ionic compounds be represented?

  By a dot and cross diagram

  
• What is the structure of ionic compounds?

  A giant structure of ions
• What are the three states of matter?

  Solid, liquid, and gas
• What holds ionic compounds together?

  Strong electrostatic forces of attraction
• How do the forces in ionic compounds act?

  In every direction due to 3D structure
• What occurs at the melting point?

  Melting and freezing take place
• Give an example of an ionic compound.

  Sodium chloride (salt)

  
• What occurs at the boiling point?

  Boiling and condensing take place
• What is covalent bonding characterized by?

  Atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons
• How does particle theory explain state changes?

  It explains melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing
• What determines the energy needed to change state?

  The strength of forces between particles
• What influences the nature of particles in a substance?

  The type of bonding and structure
• How do stronger forces between particles affect melting and boiling points?

  Higher melting and boiling points
• What are the limitations of the simple particle model?

  No forces, particles as spheres, spheres are solid
• How are states of matter represented in chemical equations?

  Solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), aqueous (aq)
• What structure do ionic compounds have?

  Giant ionic lattices
• Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

  Strong bonds require a lot of energy to break
• When can ionic compounds conduct electricity?

  When melted or dissolved in water
• Why can't ionic compounds conduct electricity when solid?

  Because ions are fixed in place
• What states do substances with small molecules usually exist in?

  Gases or liquids
• Name some small molecules with strong covalent bonds.

  HCl, H2, O2, Cl2, NH3, CH4
• What type of forces exist between small molecules?


  Weak intermolecular forces
• What are polymers?

  Large covalently bonded molecules
• What happens to intermolecular forces as molecule size increases?

  They increase with size
• What do giant covalent structures consist of?

  Many atoms covalently bonded in a lattice