CHAPTER 14

• What is the largest part of the adult brain?

  Cerebrum
• What functions does the cerebrum control?

  It controls sensations, complex movement, and higher mental functions.
• How is the cerebrum divided?

  Into left and right cerebral hemispheres.
• What is the cerebral cortex?

  A highly folded superficial layer of gray matter in the cerebrum.
• What are gyri?

  Rounded elevations that increase the surface area of the brain.
• What are sulci?

  Shallow depressions between gyri.
• What are fissures?

  Deeper grooves in the brain.
• What percentage of the body's nervous tissue does the adult human brain contain?

  Almost 97 percent.
• What is the average weight of the adult human brain?

  1. 4 kg (3 lb).
• What is the typical volume of the adult human brain?

  1200 mL.
• What is the range of brain volume in functionally normal individuals?

  From 750 to 2100 mL.
• How do male and female brain sizes compare?

  Brains of males are about 10 percent larger than those of females.
• Is there a correlation between brain size and intelligence?

  No, there is no correlation between brain size and intelligence.
• What are the main regions of the brain?

  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem
• What does the diencephalon consist of?

  Thalamus and hypothalamus.
• What is the function of the thalamus?

  It relays and processes sensory information.
• What does the hypothalamus control?

  Emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production.
• How does the hypothalamus integrate the nervous and endocrine systems?

  It is connected to the pituitary gland.
• What is the function of the brainstem?

  It processes and relays information between the spinal cord and the cerebrum or cerebellum.
• What are the components of the brainstem?

  Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
• What is the role of the midbrain?

  It processes visual and auditory information and helps maintain consciousness.
• What does the pons contain?

  Nuclei and tracts involved in processing and relaying information to and from the cerebellum.
• What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

  It relays sensory information to the thalamus and regulates autonomic functions.
• What connects the brain to the spinal cord?

  Medulla oblongata.
• What is the structure of the cerebellum?

  It is the second-largest part of the brain and coordinates ongoing body movements.
• How many hemispheres does the cerebellum have?

  Two hemispheres.
• What covers the cerebellum?

  Gray matter (cerebellar cortex).
• What is the embryonic development of the CNS derived from?

  It develops from a neural tube.
• What are the three primary brain vesicles formed from the cephalic portion of the neural tube?

  Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.
• What does the prosencephalon subdivide into?

  Telencephalon (becomes cerebrum) and diencephalon (becomes diencephalon).
• What does the mesencephalon become?

  Midbrain.
• What does the rhombencephalon subdivide into?

  Metencephalon (becomes cerebellum and pons) and myelencephalon (becomes medulla oblongata).
• What are the four ventricles of the brain?

  • Two lateral ventricles
  • Third ventricle
  • Fourth ventricle
• What separates the two lateral ventricles?

  A medial partition called the septum pellucidum.
• Where is the third ventricle located?

  In the diencephalon.
• How does the third ventricle communicate with the lateral ventricles?

  Via an interventricular foramen.
• Where does the fourth ventricle extend into?

  Into the medulla oblongata.
• How does the fourth ventricle connect with the central canal of the spinal cord?

  It joins via a narrow canal called the cerebral aqueduct.
• What are the protective structures of the brain?

  • Bones of the skull
  • Cranial meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
• What are the three layers of cranial meninges?

  Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.