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biology
biodiversity, evolution and disease
biodiversity
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Created by
Emily-Louise Parry
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Cards (49)
What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity is the variety of living
organisms
.
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How has biodiversity changed over time?
Biodiversity has become more
extensive
but is now
threatened
by
human activity
.
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What human activities threaten biodiversity?
Deforestation
,
agriculture
, and
climate change
threaten biodiversity.
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What are the two main ways to measure biodiversity?
Species richness
: number of different species in a community.
Species evenness
: comparison of
abundance
of different species in a habitat.
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How is species richness measured?
Species richness is measured by counting the
number
of species
present
.
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What is random sampling used for in measuring biodiversity?
Random sampling is used to obtain a
representative sample
of an area under investigation.
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What is systematic sampling?
Systematic sampling involves following a
particular
pattern, such as taking samples every few
meters
.
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What is opportunistic sampling?
Opportunistic sampling is taking a sample when a
source
is encountered based on ease of access.
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What is stratified sampling?
Stratified sampling involves subdividing the population into
strata
based on common characteristics and taking a random sample from each stratum.
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What is genetic diversity?
Genetic diversity is a measure of the
genetic variation
found in a particular species.
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How is genetic diversity determined?
Genetic diversity can be determined by calculating the
heterozygosity index
(H).
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What does a higher heterozygosity index (H) indicate?
A
higher
heterozygosity index (H) indicates more
genetic diversity
in a species.
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What is the formula for calculating the heterozygosity index (H)?
H = number of
heterozygotes
/ number of individuals in the
population
.
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What is the formula for the index of diversity (D)?
D =
Diversity index
, where N is the total number of
organisms
and n is the total number of organisms of each
species
.
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Why is maintaining biodiversity important?
Maintaining biodiversity is important for
ecological
, economic, and
aesthetic
reasons.
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What are the methods of conserving biodiversity?
In situ
methods:
marine conservation zones
and wildlife reserves.
Ex situ
methods:
zoos
,
seed banks
, and
botanic gardens
.
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What is the purpose of marine conservation zones and wildlife reserves?
They serve to protect wildlife in their
natural habitats
.
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What are seed banks used for?
Seed banks store seeds to conserve
genetic diversity
and prevent plant species from going
extinct
.
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Why is storing seeds more advantageous than storing whole plants?
Storing seeds is
cheaper
and takes up
less
space
than storing whole plants.
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What conditions are seeds stored in to maximize their viability?
Seeds are stored in cool, dry conditions to maximize
storage time
.
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What is the role of international cooperation in biodiversity conservation?
International cooperation is needed for
effective
biodiversity
conservation.
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Name one historic agreement related to biodiversity conservation.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
(
CITES
).
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What is classification in biology?
Classification is the process of naming and organizing
organisms
into groups based on their characteristics.
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Into how many kingdoms can organisms be grouped?
Organisms can be grouped into
five
kingdoms.
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What is the binomial system of naming species?
The binomial system names species with the
genus
first and the species second.
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What is molecular phylogeny?
Molecular phylogeny is the
analysis
of
molecular
differences
to
determine
evolutionary
relatedness.
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What are the three domains of life?
The three domains are
Bacteria
,
Archaea
, and
Eukaryota
.
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What is a niche in ecology?
A niche is the
role
of a
species
within its
environment.
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How does natural selection relate to species survival?
Natural selection
is the process where better adapted species survive and pass on
advantageous
genes.
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What are anatomical adaptations?
Anatomical adaptations
are physical adaptations, either external or internal.
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What are behavioral adaptations?
Behavioral adaptations are changes in behavior that improve an
organism's
chance of survival.
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What are physiological adaptations?
Physiological adaptations are processes inside an
organism's
body that increase its chance of survival.
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What is the process of evolution?
Evolution is the process by which the frequency of
alleles
in a
gene pool
changes over time due to
natural selection
.
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What are the steps of evolution via natural selection?
Variety of
phenotypes
within a population.
Environmental change occurs, altering selection pressure.
Some individuals possess advantageous
alleles
.
Advantageous alleles are passed to
offspring
.
Over time,
allele frequency
changes, leading to evolution.
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What happens when two populations become reproductively isolated?
New species will be formed due to the accumulation of different
genetic information
over time.
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Who is Charles Darwin?
Charles Darwin is a scientist known for his observations that provided evidence for the
theory of evolution
.
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What did Darwin observe about finches on the Galapagos Islands?
Darwin
observed that
finches
with
beaks
suited to
available food
were more likely to
survive.
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What is the significance of fossils in evolution?
Fossils provide evidence by comparing
extinct
organisms
to those alive
today
and dating rocks for timelines.
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How does molecular biology contribute to the evidence for evolution?
Molecular biology examines similarities and differences between
DNA sequences
in different organisms.
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What is comparative anatomy?
Comparative anatomy involves comparing the anatomy of different organisms by looking at
homologous structures
.
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