WK4 L8: Speech Perception II

• What is the primary focus of the feedback in the motor control system discussed in Hickok 2012?

  It focuses on simulation and forward models in motor control.
• What is a forward model in the context of motor control?

  A forward model predicts motor movement and provides feedback for corrections.
• How does the motor system relate to speech perception according to the study material?

  The motor system is active during speech perception, simulating motor movements internally.
• What is the significance of internal simulation in motor control models?

  Internal simulation helps understand how motor commands are executed without actual movement.
• What do motor command signals indicate?

  They indicate when and how muscles should be moved to achieve a sensory target.
• What role does the sensory system play in motor commands?

  The sensory system monitors whether the target is achieved.
• What are the components of the motor control model as described in the study material?

  • Controller
  • Motor effector
  • Sensory systems
  • State estimation
  • Internal forward model
  • Motor command
  • State change
  • Measured sensory consequences
  • Efference copy
  • Predicted sensory consequences
• What is an efference copy?

  An efference copy is a copy of the motor command used for internal simulation of movement.
• How does the forward model contribute to monitoring in motor control?

  The forward model's output is compared to actual sensory information to detect errors.
• What happens when there is a match between expected and actual feedback in sensory cancellation?

  No signal is sent back to the controller if there is no difference.
• What does sensory cancellation indicate about the forward model?

  Sensory cancellation provides evidence for the existence of forward models in motor control.
• What is the M100 response in the context of auditory processing?

  The M100 response is a peak in electrical activity occurring around 100 ms after a stimulus.
• What does the MEG study by Houde et al. (2002) investigate?

  It investigates the differences in M100 response during self-produced speech versus recorded speech.
• What were the findings of Experiment 1 in the MEG study regarding M100 responses?

  M100 responses were significantly less pronounced during speaking compared to playback conditions.
• What was the purpose of Experiment 3 in the MEG study?

  To determine if auditory suppression during speech is due to forward models by manipulating auditory feedback.
• What is DAF and how does it help some people who stutter?

  DAF (Delayed Auditory Feedback) delays auditory feedback, which can reduce stuttering rates.
• What are the two possibilities suggested by Houde et al. (2002) for why the response to self-produced speech is suppressed?

  1. Auditory perception helps distinguish self-produced from external speech. 2. Regulation of motor control during speech reduces feedback loop delays.
• What are the overall conclusions regarding speech production and perception from the study material?

  • Speech production and perception are tightly linked.
  • The motor system activates during speech listening.
  • Internal simulation may support speech perception.
  • Disruptions in this link may occur in stuttering.
• What is the developmental fluency disorder known as stuttering characterized by?

  It is characterized by pathologically disfluent speech, including silent and filled pauses, repetitions, and prolongations.
• What does the study by Beal et al. (2010) suggest about sensorimotor integration in people who stutter?

  It suggests that there is little or no impairment in sensorimotor integration, but timing differences may exist.
• How does manipulating sensory information impact speech production according to the study material?

  It can affect speaking and highlights the link between speech production and perception.
• What is the purpose of the seminar week 7 paper by Lind et al. (2014)?

  It discusses how speakers use auditory feedback to specify the meaning of what they say.
• What should students bring to the seminar week 7 session?

  Students should bring a device and headphones to test the effect of DAF.
• What are the extra resources mentioned for learning about stuttering?

  Podcasts and videos related to the DIVA model and research by Kate Watkins's group.
• What is the significance of the article from The Guardian mentioned at the end of the study material?

  It discusses a study on the human brain's ability to process sentences quickly.